1. Jarrar, al-shahid, p. 344. Al-Jihad no. 50 (December 1988), p. 4.
3. Ibid., p. 73.
4. Yousaf and Adkin, Afghanistan: The Bear Trap, p. 39.
5. David B. Edwards, Before Taliban: Genealogies of the Afghan Jihad (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), pp. 225 ff.; and Kevin Bell, Usama Bin Ladin’s “Father Sheikh”: Yunus Khalis and the Return of al-Qa‘ida’s Leadership to Afghanistan (West Point, NY: Combating Terrorism Center, 2013).
6. Roy, Islam and Resistance, p. 120.
7. Bell, Usama Bin Ladin’s “Father Sheikh”, p. 23.
8. See the maps in Gregory Fremont-Barnes, The Soviet–Afghan War 1979–89 (Oxford and Long Island City, NY: Osprey Publishing, 2012).
9. [no reference]
10. Steve Coll, Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001 (New York: Penguin, 2004), p. 83.
11. Author’s interview with Abd Rabb al-Rasul Sayyaf, Paghman, 8 December 2017.
12. Author’s interview with Abd Rabb al-Rasul Sayyaf, Paghman, 8 December 2017.
13. Author’s interview with Abu Harith, Amman, 8 May 2008; author’s interview with Ahmad Zaidan, Islamabad, 18 March 2008.
14. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 128.
15. Ibid., p. 102.
16. Ibid., p. 45.
18. Anas, rihlati ma‘ al-jihad, part 9, at 4’20’’ ff and 9’00’’ ff.
19. Ibid., around 15’20’’.
20. fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, p. 73. Anas, rihlati ma‘ al-jihad, part 9, at 15’50’’ ff. Fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, pp. 73–78.
21. Anas, rihlati ma‘ al-jihad, part 9, at 18’30’’ ff.
22. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 57.
23. Yousaf and Adkin, Afghanistan: The Bear Trap, p. 26; Hein Kiessling, Faith, Unity, Discipline: The Inter-Service-Intelligence (ISI) of Pakistan (London: Hurst, 2016), pp. 50–51.
24. Kiessling, Faith, p. 54. Coll, Ghost Wars, p. 151.
25. Michael T. Kaufman, ‘Mrs. Thatcher Visits Afghans on the Frontier’, New York Times, 9 October 1981.
26. ‘Space Shuttle’s Flight Dedicated to Afghans’, Reuters, 11 March 1982.
27. ‘Reagan Praises Afghan Fighters’, Associated Press, 3 February 1983.
28. John K. Cooley, Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism, 1st ed. (London: Pluto Press, 1999), chapters 2, 4, and 5; Yousaf and Adkin, Afghanistan: The Bear Trap, p. 83.
29. Cooley, Unholy Wars, p. 100.
30. Yousaf and Adkin, Afghanistan: The Bear Trap, pp. 2 and 27–29; Kiessling, Faith, p. 54.
31. Kiessling, Faith, pp. 53–54.
32. Mohamed Mokeddem, Les Afghans algériens: de la Djamaâ à la Qa’îda (Algiers: Éditions ANEP, 2002), p. 13.
33. Jamal Abd al-Rahim, ayman al-zawahiri: min qusur al-ma‘adi ila kuhuf afghanistan [Ayman al-Zawahiri: From the Palaces of Maadi to the Caves of Afghanistan] (Cairo: Madbuli al-Saghir, 2006), p. 63.
34. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, p. 41.
35. Author’s interview with Abu Suhayb, Jenin, 4 May 2008.
36. Author’s interview with Prince Turki al-Faisal, Princeton, 12 November 2009.
37. Author’s interview with Prince Turki al-Faisal, Princeton, 12 November 2009.
38. Anas, rihlati ma‘ al-jihad, part 2.
39. Yousaf and Adkin, Afghanistan: The Bear Trap.
40. Muhammad al-Shafi‘i, ‘Gul, the Godfather of the Taliban, Tells al-Sharq al-Awsat that the Tribal Region in Pakistan is Accepting Money and Arms from the Americans’, al-Sharq al-Awsat Online (via FBIS), 25 April 2009.
41. S. K. Datta, Inside ISI: The Story and Involvement of the ISI in Afghan Jihad, Taliban, al-Qaeda, 9/11, Osama Bin Laden, 26/11 and the Future of al-Qaeda (New Delhi: Vij Books, 2014).
42. Al-Masri, ‘laylat suqut qandahar’, p. 22. Tomsen, The Wars of Afghanistan, p. 248.
43. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 89.
44. Gerges, The Far Enemy, p. 76; Rougier, Everyday Jihad, p. 77.
45. Steve Coll, The Bin Ladens (New York: Penguin, 2008), p. 295.
46. Coll, Ghost Wars, p. 88.
47. Ibid., pp. 88 and 156–157.
48. Ibid., p. 87. Coll, The Bin Ladens, pp. 294–296. Wright, The Looming Tower, p. 104. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, p. 61.
49. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 67.
50. Author’s interview with anonymous former CIA officer; author’s interview with Steve Coll, Washington, DC, 28 May 2008. Milton J. Valencia, ‘Accused Al Qaeda Supporter’s Defense Rests’, Boston Globe, 15 December 2011.
51. Author’s telephone interview with Alastair Crooke, 23 March 2008. Stephen Grey, ‘Mint Tea with Terrorists’, New Statesman, 11 April 2005.
52. Abdallah Azzam, ‘al-tarbiya al-jihadiyya wa’l-bina’’ [Jihadi Education and Edification], 1992, p. 25.
53. Ayman al-Zawahiri, ‘Knights under the Prophet’s Banner’, 2001, p. 11.
54. Cooley, Unholy Wars.
55. John Pilger, ‘What Good Friends Left Behind’, The Guardian, 20 September 2003; Peter Dale Scott, The Road to 9/11: Wealth, Empire, and the Future of America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007); Girardet, Killing the Cranes.
56. Jack Devine and Vernon Loeb, Good Hunting: An American Spymaster’s Story (New York: Sarah Crichton Books, 2014), p. 104.
57. Jean-Christophe Notin, La Guerre de l’ombre des Français en Afghanistan: 1979–2011 (Paris: Fayard, 2011), p. 324.
58. Yousaf and Adkin, Afghanistan: The Bear Trap, pp. 91–92. Author’s interview with Larry Crandall, McLean, VA, 22 May 2009. Coll, Ghost Wars, pp. 22–23 and 57.
59. Author’s interview with anonymous former CIA official.
60. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, pp. 60–61; Coll, The Bin Ladens, pp. 87 and 293. See also Panagiotis Dimitrakis, The Secret War in Afghanistan: The Soviet Union, China and Anglo-American Intelligence in the Afghan War (London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2013).
61. Author’s interview with anonymous former CIA official, 11 November 2018; Bearden and Risen, The Main Enemy, p. 243.
62. Bearden and Risen, The Main Enemy.
63. Ibid., pp. 200–201.
64. Coll, Ghost Wars, p. 86.
65. Yousaf and Adkin, Afghanistan: The Bear Trap, p. 81.
66. Ibid., pp. 115–116.
67. Hamid and Farrall, The Arabs, p. 40.
68. FBIS, ‘Compilation of Usama bin Ladin Statements, 1994–January 2004’ (Foreign Broadcast Information Service, 2004), p. 122.
69. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, p. 61.
71. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, p. 61.
72. Azzam, ‘ibar wa basa’ir, p. 77.
73. ‘Interview with Sheikh Tameem al Adnani’ (Lawrence Islamic Video, 1988).
74. Flagg Miller, The Audacious Ascetic: What the Bin Laden Tapes Reveal about al-Qaida (London: Hurst, 2015), pp. 133–134.
75. Coll, Ghost Wars, p. 123.
76. Author’s interview with anonymous former CIA official, 8 October 2008.
77. Author’s interview with Larry Crandall, McLean, VA, 22 May 2009.
78. Mark Curtis, Secret Affairs: Britain’s Collusion with Radical Islam (London: Serpent’s Tail, 2010), pp. 131–149. Cooley, Unholy Wars, pp. 92 ff. Tom Carew’s, Jihad! The Secret War in Afghanistan (London: Mainstream, 2001). Audrey Gillan, ‘The Fantasy Life and Lonely Death of the SAS Veteran who Never Was’, The Guardian, 24 January 2009.
79. Shashank Joshi, ‘Assessing Britain’s Role in Afghanistan’, Asian Survey 55, no. 2 (2014): 420–45, p. 422.
80. Author’s telephone interview with Alastair Crooke, 23 March 2008.
81. Grey, ‘Mint Tea with Terrorists’.
82. Notin, La Guerre de l’ombre, pp. 302 and 389–390.
83. Ibid., pp. 302 and 389–390.
84. Ibid., pp. 389–390.
85. Author’s interview with anonymous former CIA official, 11 November 2018. See also Bearden and Risen, The Main Enemy, p. 240; Coll, Ghost Wars, pp. 165 and 607; Kurt Lohbeck, Holy War, Unholy Victory: Eyewitness to the CIA’s Secret War in Afghanistan (Washington, DC: Regnery Gateway, 1993), pp. 9–10; Yousaf and Adkin, Afghanistan: The Bear Trap, p. 105.
86. Coll, Ghost Wars, p. 165.
87. Ibid., pp. 164–165; Bearden and Risen, The Main Enemy, p. 241; Lohbeck, Holy War, Unholy Victory, pp. 125–127 and 150.
88. Berger, Jihad Joe, pp. 6–7.
89. Joe Stephens and David B. Ottaway, ‘From US, the ABC’s of Jihad’, Washington Post, 23 March 2002.
90. Yousaf and Adkin, Afghanistan: The Bear Trap, pp. 193 and 195.
91. Abdurraheem Green, ‘Abdurraheem Green: “Returning Jihadis Aren’t so Bad, I Used to be one”’, 5Pillars (blog), 30 October 2014.
92. Cynthia Storer, ‘Working with al-Qaeda Documents: An Analyst’s View before 9/11’, in Ten Years Later: Insights on al-Qaeda’s Past and Future through Captured Records, ed. Lorry M. Fenner, Mark E. Stout, and Jessica L. Goldings (Washington, DC: Johns Hopkins University Center for Advanced Governmental Studies, 2012), 41–52, p. 41.
93. Bearden and Risen, The Main Enemy, p. 366.
94. Lohbeck, Holy War, Unholy Victory, p. 92. Ibid., p. 93; Bearden and Risen, The Main Enemy, pp. 311–314.
95. Matthew Bolton, ‘Goldmine: A Critical Look at the Commercialization of Afghan Demining’, research paper (London School of Economics and Political Science: Centre for the Study of Global Governance, 2008), pp. 11–12.
96. Edwards, Before Taliban, p. 270.
97. Author’s telephone interview with Börje Almqvist, 9 February 2016.
98. Author’s interview with Larry Crandall, McLean, VA, 28 May 2009. Helga Baitenmann, ‘NGOs and the Afghan War: The Politicisation of Humanitarian Aid’, Third World Quarterly 12, no. 1 (1 January 1990): 62–85, pp. 62 and 64.
99. Van Dyk, In Afghanistan, p. 78. John H. Lorentz, ‘Afghan Aid: The Role of Private Voluntary Organizations,’ Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies 11 (1987): 102–111, p. 106.
100. Christophe de Ponfilly, Vies clandestines: nos années afghanes (Paris: Florent Massot, 2001), pp. 233–234.
101. Lohbeck, Holy War, Unholy Victory, p. 95.
102. Ibid.
103. Paul Overby, Holy Blood: An Inside View of the Afghan War (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1993), p. 3.
104. Thomas Eighmy, ‘Remembering USAID’s Role in Afghanistan, 1985–1994’, Foreign Service Journal, December 2007, p. 49.
105. Azzam, ‘hatta la nu‘idhdh’, p. 27.
106. Azzam, ‘ibar wa basa’ir, p. 84.
107. Ibid., p. 86.
109. al-Jihad no. 21 (August 1986), p. 30.
110. Azzam, ‘ibar wa basa’ir, pp. 82–83.
111. al-Jihad no. 15 (January 1986), p. 46; al-Jihad no. 47 (October 1988), p. 2; al-Jihad no. 52 (February 1989), pp. 18–21; and al-Jihad no. 58 (August 1989), pp. 24–31.
112. al-Jihad no. 15 (January 1986), p. 46; al-Jihad no. 21 (August 1986), p. 30.
113. Anas, rihlati ma‘ al-jihad, part 8.
114. Azzam, The Lofty Mountain, pp. 71–72; Azzam, ‘ibar wa basa’ir, p. 108–109. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 337.
116. Jarrar, al-shahid, p. 103; Azzam, ‘ibar wa basa’ir, p. 60.
117. Author’s interview with Steve Coll, Washington, DC, 28 May 2008; author’s interview with Larry Crandall, McLean, VA, 22 May 2009.
118. Abdallah Azzam, ‘ayna al-sahafi al-muslim?’ [Where is the Muslim Journalist?], al-Jihad no. 10 (August 1985): 4–8, pp. 5–6. See also mawsu‘at al-dhakha’ir, vol. 4, p. 632; Amir, al-shaykh al-mujahid, p. 92; Jarrar, al-shahid, p. 103.
119. Anthony Davis, ‘Foreign Combatants in Afghanistan’, Jane’s Intelligence Review 5 (1993): 327–331.
120. Notin, La Guerre de l’ombre, p. 299.
121. Author’s interview with Olivier Roy, Salzburg, 5 September 2016.
122. Notin, La Guerre de l’ombre, p. 299.
123. Ibid., p. 299.
124. Girardet, Killing the Cranes, p. 258.
125. Ibid., p. 258.
126. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, p. 88.
127. Girardet, Killing the Cranes, pp. 259–262 and 271.
128. Ibid., pp. 251–253.
129. Van Dyk, In Afghanistan, pp. 98–99.
130. Peregrine Hodson, Under a Sickle Moon: A Journey through Afghanistan (New York: Grove Press, 2002).
131. Overby, Holy Blood, pp. 90–91.
132. William Dalrymple, ‘Nancy Hatch Dupree’s Quest to Save Afghanistan’s History’, Newsweek, 12 April 2013, http://newsweekpakistan.com/ill-just-finish-my-chips/.
133. Email correspondence with Peter Tomsen, 22 January 2009.
134. Azzam, ‘ibar wa basa’ir, pp. 82–83; Zaidan, The “Afghan Arabs” Media, pp. 9–12; Muhammad Tawfiq, afghanistan al-jariha – afghanistan al-habiba [Afghanistan the Wounded – Afghanistan the Beloved] (Riyadh: Mu’assasat al-Jazira, 1990), pp. 127–129.
135. Zaidan, The “Afghan Arabs” Media, pp. 9–12.
136. Azzam, ‘ibar wa basa’ir, pp. 82–83.
137. al-Jihad no. 37 (December 1987), pp. 14–16; al-Jihad no. 45 (August 1988), pp. 14–20.
138. al-Jihad no. 28 (March 1987), p. 46; al-Jihad no. 30 (May 1987), p. 21; al-Jihad no. 32 (July 1987), p. 47; al-Jihad no. 36 (November 1987), p. 47; al-Jihad no. 37 (December 1987), p. 47; al-Jihad no. 40 (March 1988), p. 3; and al-Jihad no. 47 (October 1988), pp. 30–31.
139. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 166.
140. Fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, p. 301.
141. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 193. Dorronsoro, Revolution Unending, p. 133.
142. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 201.
143. rabitat al-‘alam al-islami: ‘ashrun ‘aman, p. 11.
144. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 193.
146. Jarrar, al-shahid, p. 93.
147. Zaidan, The “Afghan Arabs” Media, p. 10.
148. Muhammad, al-ansar, pp. 139–140.
149. Miller, The Audacious Ascetic, p. 74.
150. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 87.
151. al-Qandahari, dhikrayat, p. 133.
152. Jarrar, al-shahid, p. 93.
153. See Tareekh Musadat 29, 29a, 33, 34, 41, 41a, 102, 118, 119, 127, and 436.
154. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 94; fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, p. 38.
155. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 227.
156. Ibid., p. 217.
157. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 152.
158. Abd al-Aziz Bin Baz, ‘risala ila aghniya’ al-muslimin’ [Letter to Wealthy Muslims], al-Jihad no. 9 (July 1985): 36–37; Abd al-Aziz Bin Baz, ‘al-jihad fi’l-afghan [sic] jihad islami yajib “ala jami‘” almuslimin da‘muhu wa musanadatuhu’ [The Jihad in Afghanistan is an Islamic Jihad and All Muslims Must Support and Assist it], al-Jihad no. 22 (September 1986): 24–25; Abd al-Aziz Bin Baz, ‘fadl al-jihad fi sabil allah wa’l-musabara fi dhalik’ [The Merit of Jihad in God’s Path and Perseverance in it], parts 1 and 2, al-Jihad no. 42–43 (June 1988): 38–40 and 24–27.
159. ‘The Words of Abdallah Azzam’, p. 59.
160. Salah, waqa’i‘ sanawat al-jihad, pp. 49–50.
161. Ibid., p. 56; author’s interview with Kamal al-Helbawy, London, 23 March 2008.
162. Rougier, Everyday Jihad, pp. 83–84.
163. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 149.
165. Hamid and Farrall, The Arabs, p. 32.
166. Ibid., p. 33.
167. Rougier, Everyday Jihad, p. 84.
168. Author’s interview with Jamal Isma‘il, Islamabad, 20 March 2008.
169. Salah, waqa’i‘ sanawat al-jihad, p. 57.
171. Azzam, ‘ya muslimiy al-‘alam’ p. 27.
172. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, pp. 142–143, 161.
174. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 84.
175. Ibid., p. 186.
176. Salah, waqa’i‘ sanawat al-jihad, p. 56; Muhammad, al-ansar, pp. 52–53; fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, pp. 29 and 37; and al-Jihad magazine, passim.
177. al-Bunyan al-Marsus no. 18 (February 1988), pp. 30–32.
178. Fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, p. 59.
179. Author’s interview with Noman Benothman, London, 29 September 2010.
180. Author’s interview with Noman Benothman, London, 29 September 2010; author’s interview with Jamal Isma‘il, Islamabad, 20 March 2008.
181. Author’s interview with Kamal al-Helbawy, London, 23 March 2008.
182. Author’s interview with Atiq-u-Zafar, Islamabad, 20 March 2008; author’s interview with Khalid Rahman, Islamabad, 20 March 2008.
183. Al-Jihad no. 39 (February 1988), pp. 10–16.
184. Al-Jihad no. 27 (February 1987), pp. 16–22.
185. Azzam, ‘ibar wa basa’ir, p. 75.
186. Philip Jenkins, ‘Clerical Terror: The Roots of Jihad in India’, The New Republic, 24 December 2008; Farhan Zahid, ‘Influences of Abu Ala Maududi on Islamo-Jihadi Thoughts of Abdullah Azzam the Father of Modern Jihad Movement’, Centre Français de Recherche sur le Renseignement, Foreign Analysis 33, December 2015.
187. Arif Jamal, Shadow War: The Untold Story of Jihad in Kashmir (New York: Melville House, 2009).
188. Arif Jamal, ‘The Growth of the Deobandi Jihad in Afghanistan’, Jamestown Terrorism Monitor 8, no. 2 (14 January 2010).
189. Mufti Mohammad Rafi Usmani, Jihad in Afghanistan against Communism (Karachi: Darul-Ishaat, 2003), p. 11.
190. Ibid., pp. 12, 78, 242–244.
191. Author’s interview with Sami‘ al-Haqq, Akora Khattak, 21 March 2008.
192. fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, p. 338.
193. Mariam Abou Zahab, ‘Salafism in Pakistan: The Ahl-e Hadith Movement’, in Global Salafism: Islam’s New Religious Movement, ed. Roel Meijer (London: Hurst, 2009), 126–142, p. 133.
194. Mawlana Amir Hamza, qafilat da‘wat jihad [The Caravan of Da‘wa and Jihad] (n.p.: Dar al-Andalus, 2004), p. 97.
195. Saeed Shafqat, ‘From Official Islam to Islamism: The Rise of Dawatul-Irshad and Lashkar-e-Taiba’, in Pakistan: Nationalism without a Nation, ed. Christophe Jaffrelot (London: Zed Books, 2002), 131–47, p. 141.
196. Samina Yasmeen, Jihad and Dawah: Evolving Narratives of Lashkar e-Taiba and Jamat ud Dawah (London: Hurst, 2017), p. 47; Stephen Tankel, Storming the World Stage: The Story of Lashkar e-Taiba (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), pp. 20–21. C. Christine Fair, Bruce Hoffman, and Fernando Reinares, ‘Leader-Led Jihad in Pakistan: The Case of Lashkar-e-Taiba’, in The Evolution of the Global Terrorist Threat: From 9/11 to Osama bin Laden’s Death (New York: Columbia University Press, 2014), 571–599, p. 576. Arif Jamal, Call for Transnational Jihad: Lashkar-e-Taiba 1985–2014, 1st South Asian ed. (New Delhi: Kautilya, 2015).
197. Fair, Hoffman, and Reinares, ‘Leader-Led Jihad in Pakistan’, p. 577.
198. Author’s interview with Babar Ahmad, London, 31 May 2017.
The Caravan 
