1. Abu Rumman and Sa‘id, al-‘alim, p. 152; Amir, al-shaykh al-mujahid, p. 57.
2. ‘Jordan’s Moslem Brotherhood Braces for In-House Elections’, Mideast Mirror 12 no. 72 (16 April 1998). J. Millard Burr, ‘Jordan’s Muslim Brotherhood: A Short History’ (American Center for Democracy, 2014).
3. ‘Jordan’s Moslem Brotherhood Braces for In-House Elections’.
4. Mshari al-Zaydi, ‘History of the Jordanian Muslim Brotherhood (Part 2)’, al-Sharq al-Awsat English Online, 30 December 2005.
5. Juan Jose Escobar Stemmann, ‘The Crossroads of Muslim Brothers in Jordan’, in The Muslim Brotherhood: The Organization and Policies of a Global Islamist Movement, ed. Barry Rubin (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), 57–71, p. 70.
6. al-Zaydi, ‘History (Part 2)’. Al-Farhan studied first at the American University in Beirut and later got a Ph.D. in Education from Columbia University.
7. Mohammad Abu Rumman and Hassan Abu Hanieh, Jordanian Salafism: A Strategy for the “Islamization of Society” and an Ambiguous Relationship with the State (Amman: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, December 2010), p. 55.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid., p. 53.
10. Ibid.
11. ‘The Words of Abdallah Azzam’, p. 59.
12. Lacroix, Awakening Islam, pp. 37 ff.
13. Joas Wagemakers, Salafism in Jordan: Political Islam in a Quietist Community (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016), pp. 98–99; Abu Rumman and Abu Hanieh, Jordanian Salafism, p. 53.
14. Jacob Olidort, ‘In Defense of Tradition: Muhammad Nasir al-Din al-Albani and the Salafi Method’, Ph. D. dissertation (Princeton University, 2015); and Wagemakers, Salafism in Jordan, pp. 100–108.
15. Abu Rumman and Abu Hanieh, Jordanian Salafism, p. 56.
16. Stéphane Lacroix, ‘Between Revolution and Apoliticism: Nasir al-Din al-Albani and his Impact on the Shaping of Contemporary Salafism’, in Global Salafism: Islam’s New Religious Movement, ed. Roel Meijer (London: Hurst, 2009), 58–80, p. 71.
17. Stéphane Lacroix, ‘al-Albani’s Revolutionary Approach to Hadith’, ISIM Review no. 21 (2008): 6–7.
18. Olivier Carré, Mystique et politique: lecture révolutionnaire du Coran par Sayyid Qutb, Frère Musulman radical (Paris: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 1984).
19. Abu Rumman and Abu Hanieh, Jordanian Salafism, p. 56.
20. ‘The Words of Abdallah Azzam’, p. 59.
21. Ibid., p. 60.
22. ‘al-Albani about Qutb, Abdullah Azzam and al-Ikhwan al-Muslimun’, Youtube, n.d.
23. Ibid.
25. Frances Cairncross, The Death of Distance: How the Communications Revolution Will Change our Lives (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1997), p. 214.
26. Robert Bianchi, Guests of God: Pilgrimage and Politics in the Islamic World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), pp. 49–51.
27. J. M. Berger, Jihad Joe: Americans Who Go to War in the Name of Islam (Washington, DC: Potomac, 2011), p. 3.
28. Author’s interview with Isam al-Attar, Aachen, 16 December 2009.
30. Abu Rumman and Sa‘id, al-‘alim, p. 33.
31. Author’s interview with Fayiz Azzam, al-Sila al-Harithiyya, 4 May 2008.
32. Author’s interview with Jamal Isma‘il, Islamabad, 18 March 2008.
33. Author’s interview with Jamal Isma‘il, Islamabad, 18 March 2008.
34. ‘Muslim Scholars Visit ITC’, Islamic Teaching Center News, February 1978. I am very grateful to J. M. Berger for sharing this source, which he retrieved from the DePaul University Library. See also Berger, Jihad Joe, pp. 7 and 222–223.
35. ‘Muslim Scholars Visit ITC’.
36. Email correspondence with Stéphane Lacroix, 7 November 2017.
37. ‘List of Islamic Society of North America conventions’.
38. ‘Director-General of Islamic Teaching Center Concludes Middle East Tour’, Islamic Teaching Center News 1 no. 1 (February 1978): 3.
39. Wright, The Looming Tower, p. 75.
40. Omar Bin Laden, Najwa Bin Laden, and Jean Sasson, Growing up Bin Laden: Osama’s Wife and Son Take us Inside their Secret World (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2009), p. 25.
41. Ibid., pp. 35–36.
42. Steve Coll, ‘Osama in America: The Final Answer’, New Yorker, 30 June 2009.
43. fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, p. 187.
44. al-Ghannouchi, ‘‘abdallah ‘azzam namudhaj’.
45. Amir, al-shaykh al-mujahid, p. 314.
46. Ahmad Mansur, ‘al-jihad al-afghani fi marhalat muwajahat al-nifaq’ [The Afghan Jihad is in the Stage of Confronting Hypocrisy], al-Jihad no. 59 (September 1989): 32–33. Al-Ghannouchi, ‘‘abdallah ‘azzam namudhaj’. Amir, al-shaykh al-mujahid, pp. 311–319.
47. al-Bunyan al-Marsus no. 30 (February 1990), p. 22.
48. al-Ghannouchi, ‘‘abdallah ‘azzam namudhaj’; Amir, al-shaykh almujahid, pp. 311–319; al-Bunyan al-Marsus no. 30 (February 1990), p. 22.
49. Rachid Ghannouchi, al-hurriyat al-‘amma fi al-dawla al-islamiyya [Public Freedoms in the Islamic State] (Beirut: Markaz Dirasat al-Wihda al-Arabiyya, 1993), p. 6.
50. Al-Mujtama‘ no. 945, cited in Amir, al-shaykh al-mujahid, p. 312.
51. Abbas Khamahyar, iran wa’l-ikhwan al-muslimin: dirasa fi ‘awamil aliltiqa’ wa’l-iftiraq [Iran and the Muslim Brotherhood: A Study of the Causes of Confluence and Divergence] (Beirut: Markaz al-Dirasat al-Istratijiyya wa’l-Buhuth wa’l-Tawthiq, 1997), pp. 228 ff.; Walid M. Abdelnasser, ‘Islamic Organizations in Egypt and the Iranian Revolution of 1979: The Experience of the First Few Years’, Arab Studies Quarterly 19, no. 2 (1997): 25–39; Toby Matthiesen, ‘The Iranian Revolution and Sunni Political Islam’, in New Analysis of Shia Politics, ed. Marc Lynch, POMEPS Studies 28 (Washington, DC: George Washington University Project on Middle East Political Science, 2017), 36–38.
52. Ghusheh, The Red Minaret, pp. 118–119.
53. Author’s interview with Ahmad Zaidan, Islamabad, 18 March 2008.
54. al-Bunyan al-Marsus no. 30 (February 1990), p. 18.
55. Abdallah Azzam, ‘tarikh al-haraka al-islamiyya al-‘alamiyya’ [The History of the Global Islamic Movement], in mawsu‘at al-dhakha’ir, vol. 3, pp. 1067–1068.
56. fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, p. 171.
57. Author’s interview with Jamal Isma‘il, Islamabad, 18 March 2008.
58. Aziz, ‘‘abdallah ‘azzam wa juhuduhu’, pp. 154 and 185.
59. Author’s interview with Abdallah Anas, London, 1 December 2015.
60. Author’s interview with Hudhayfa Azzam, Amman, 11 September 2006.
61. Author’s interview with Fayiz Azzam, al-Sila al-Harithiyya, 4May 2008.
62. Author’s interview with Hudhayfa Azzam, Amman, 11 September 2006.
63. Author’s interview with Hudhayfa Azzam, Amman, 11 September 2006.
64. Lia, ‘The Islamist Uprising’; Dara Conduit, ‘The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood and the Spectacle of Hama’, Middle East Journal 70, no. 2 (15 April 2016): 211–226.
65. Author’s interview with Fayiz Azzam, al-Sila al-Harithiyya, 4 May 2008. Guido Steinberg, ‘Jihadi-Salafism and the Shi’is: Remarks about the Intellectual Roots of anti-Shi’ism’, in Global Salafism: Islam’s New Religious Movement, ed. Roel Meijer (London: Hurst, 2009), 107–125, pp. 118–121.
66. Author’s interview with Fayiz Azzam, al-Sila al-Harithiyya, 4 May 2008. fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, p. 12. Ibid., p. 81.
67. fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, p. 180.
68. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 34.
69. Muhammad, al-ansar, pp. 32–33.
70. [no reference]
71. [no reference]
72. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 34.
74. Muhammad, al-ansar, pp. 32–33.
75. Azzam, ‘dhikrayat filastin’, p. 5.
76. Author’s interview with Tariq Tell, Amman, 15 July 2018. Raymond Hinnebusch, ‘Empire and State Formation: Contrary Tangents in Jordan and Syria’, in Sovereignty after Empire: Comparing the Middle East and Central Asia, ed. Sally N. Cummings and Raymond Hinnebusch (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011), 263–281, p. 273.
77. Abdallah Azzam, ‘wathiqa ila al-ikhwan al-muslimun fi’l urdun’ [Document to the Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan], in mawsu‘at aldhakha’ir, vol. 1, pp. 999–1006; author’s interview with Muhammad Sawalha, London, 1 December 2015.
78. Author’s interview with Jamal Isma‘il, Islamabad, 18 March 2008.
79. Author’s interview with Hasan Abu Hanieh, Amman, 6 November 2015.
80. Abdallah Azzam, ‘wathiqa ila al-ikhwan al-muslimun fi’l urdun’.
81. [no reference]
82. Glenn E. Robinson, ‘Defensive Democratization in Jordan’, International Journal of Middle East Studies 30 (1998): 387–410, 403.
83. Muhammad, al-ansar, pp. 32–33.
84. Author’s interview with Jamal Isma‘il, Islamabad, 18 March 2008.
85. fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, p. 489. Al Shafey, ‘Asharq al-Awsat Interviews Umm Mohammed’.
86. Author’s interview with Jamal Isma‘il, Islamabad, 18 March 2008.
87. Author’s interview with Jamal Isma‘il, Islamabad, 18 March 2008.
88. Author’s interview with Jamal Isma‘il, Islamabad, 18 March 2008.
89. See T. Cuyler Young, ‘Pan-Islamism in the Modern World: Solidarity and Conflict Among Muslim Countries’, in Islam and International Relations, ed. J. Harris Proctor (London: Pall Mall, 1965), 194–221; J. M. Landau, The Politics of Pan-Islam: Ideology and Organization (Oxford: University Press, 1990); and James Piscatori, ‘Imagining Pan-Islam’, in Islam and Political Violence: Muslim Diaspora and Radicalism in the West, ed. Shahram Akbarzadeh and Fethi Mansouri (London: I. B. Tauris, 2007), 27–38.
90. Reinhard Schulze, Islamischer Internationalismus im 20. Jahrhundert (London: E. J. Brill, 1990).
91. Naveed S. Sheikh, The New Politics of Islam (London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003).
92. Schulze, Islamischer Internationalismus, p. 158; Michael Farquhar, Circuits of Faith: Migration, Education, and the Wahhabi Mission (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2016), p. 97.
93. Courtney Freer, Rentier Islamism: The Influence of the Muslim Brotherhood in Gulf Monarchies (New York: Oxford University Press, 2018), chapter 4.
95. Ibid., pp. 4–5. Muslim World League, qararat wa tawsiyat, pp. 7–8.
96. rabitat al-‘alam al-islami: ‘ashrun ‘aman, p. 64.
98. Muslim World League, qararat wa tawsiyat, p. 203.
99. Muslim World League, qararat wa tawsiyat.
100. rabitat al-‘alam al-islami: ‘ashrun ‘aman, pp. 10–12.
101. ‘MWL Centers & Offices Around the World’.
102. William Ochsenwald, ‘Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Revival’, International Journal of Middle East Studies 13 (1981): 271–286, p. 281.
103. Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order (New York: Touchstone, 1996), p. 207.
104. Muhammad Ali Harakan, ‘Duty of Implementing the Resolutions’, Journal of the Muslim World League (1980): 48–49.
105. rabitat al-‘alam al-islami: ‘ashrun ‘aman, p. 1.
106. Ibid., p. 86.
107. Ibid., pp. 88–89.
108. Muslim World League, qararat wa tawsiyat, p. 5.
109. Thomas Hegghammer, Jihad in Saudi Arabia:Violence and Pan-Islamism since 1979 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 16.
110. J. Millard Burr and Robert O. Collins, Alms for Jihad (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006); Abdel-Rahman Ghandour, Jihad humanitaire: enquête sur les ONG islamiques (Paris: Flammarion, 2002).
111. Amr Elshobaki, Les Frères Musulmans des origines à nos jours (Paris: Karthala, 2009), p. 135.
112. Abdullah al-Arian, ‘Commanding the Faithful: Frame Construction in Egyptian Islamist Periodicals, 1976–1981’, Journal of Islamic Studies 28, no. 3 (September 2017): 341–368, p. 365.
113. Elshobaki, Les Frères Musulmans, pp. 133–135. See also Martyn Frampton, The Muslim Brotherhood and the West: A History of Enmity and Engagement (Cambridge,MA: Harvard University Press, 2018), chapter 7.
114. Alison Pargeter, The Muslim Brotherhood: The Burden of Tradition (London: Saqi, 2010), p. 104.
115. Husam Tammam, ‘altanzim al-duwali li’l-ikhwan . . . al-wa‘d wa’l-masira wa’l-mal?’ [The Brotherhood’s International Organization . . . its Promise, Path, and Fate?], al-Hiwar no. 962 (20 September 2004), http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=23729 (last accessed 13 March 2018); Pargeter, The Muslim Brotherhood, pp. 96–132; Abduh Mustafa Dasuqi, nash’at altanzim al-duwali li’l-ikhwan al-muslimin: min al-nash’a hatta al-sab‘inat [The Emergence of the International Organization of the Muslim Brotherhood: From the Emergence to the 1970s] (Cairo: Mu’assasat Iqra’ li’l-Nashr wa’l-Tawzi‘ wa’l-Tarjama, 2013); and Hossam Tamam, ‘The International Organization of the Muslim Brotherhood’, in Islamic Movements of Europe: Public Religion and Islamophobia in the Modern World, ed. Frank Peter and Rafael Ortega (London: I. B. Tauris, 2014), 89–94.
116. Pargeter, The Muslim Brotherhood, p. 101.
117. Lacroix, Awakening Islam, pp. 44–45. Pierret, Religion and State, pp. 36, 42, 45. Douglas Jehl, ‘Mohammed al-Ghazali, 78, An Egyptian Cleric and Scholar’, New York Times, 14 March 1996. Adil Salahi, ‘Sayyid Sabiq: The Man who Wrote Fiqh al-Sunna’, Arab News, 22 July 2005.
118. Al-Jihad no. 30 (May 1987) and al-Jihad no. 35 (October 1987), p. 38.
119. Author’s interview with Kamal al-Helbawy, London, 23 March 2008.
120. Author’s interview with Hudhayfa Azzam, Amman, 11 September 2006.
122. ‘November 2017 Release of Abbottabad Compound Material’. Author’s correspondence with Hassan Hassan, 5 November 2017.
123. al-Jihad no. 56 (June 1989), p. 24.
124. Al Shafey, ‘Asharq al-Awsat Interviews Umm Mohammed’.
125. Thomas Hegghammer and Stéphane Lacroix, The Meccan Rebellion: The Story of Juhayman al-ʻUtaybi Revisited (London: Amal Press, 2011); Yaroslav Trofimov, The Siege of Mecca: The Forgotten Uprising in Islam’s Holiest Shrine and the Birth of al Qaeda (New York: Doubleday, 2007).
126. Muhammad, al-ansar, pp. 32–33.
127. Author’s interview with Hudhayfa Azzam, Amman, 11 September 2006.
128. Author’s interview with Kamal al-Helbawy, London, 23 March 2008.
129. Abu Hilala, awwal al-afghan al-‘arab, at 30’15’’ ff.
130. Ibid., at 30’45’’ ff.
131. Azzam, ‘dhikrayat filastin’, p. 5. See also Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, pp. 37–38.
132. Muhammad, al-ansar, pp. 32–33.
133. al-Jihad no. 56 (June 1989), p. 24.
134. Author’s interview with Jamal Isma‘il, Islamabad, 18 March 2008.
135. Abdallah Azzam, ‘wathiqa ila al-ikhwan al-muslimun fi’l urdun’, p. 1004.
136. Author’s interview with Abd Rabb al-Rasul Sayyaf, Paghman, 8 December 2017.
137. al-Wa‘i, mawsu‘at shuhada’ (part 1), pp. 212–221. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, pp. 38–39; and Calvert, Sayyid Qutb, pp. 274 and 277.
138. fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, p. 372.
139. al-Wa‘i, mawsu‘at shuhada’ (part 1), p. 217.
140. al-Mujtama‘, 11 November 1981, cited in ibid. (part 1), p. 218.
141. Azzam, ‘dhikrayat min sahat al-jihad’, p. 13. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 37.
142. fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, p. 44.
143. Abu Hilala, awwal al-afghan al-‘arab, at 30’20’’ ff.
144. Ibid.
145. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 38.
146. Amina Qutb, rasa’il ila shahid [Letter to a Martyr] (Amman: Dar al-Furqan, 1985), p. 61.
147. Author’s interview with Jamal Isma‘il, Islamabad, 18 March 2008.
148. al-Mujtama‘ no 944, in Amir, al-shaykh al-mujahid, p. 92.
149. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 41.
150. Qutb, rasa’il ila shahid, p. 64; ‘Kamal al-Sananiri’, www.ikhwan.net/wiki. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 38. Matias Seidelin, Allahs danske krigere [Allah’s Danish Warriors] (Copenhagen: Politiken forlag, 2012), epub paragraphs 10.50–59.
151. al-Bunyan al-Marsus no. 30 (February 1990), p. 8.
152. Abu Hilala, awwal al-afghan al-‘arab, at 30’20’’ ff.
153. Abu Hilala, awwal al-afghan al-‘arab, at 32’50’’ ff.
154. [No reference]
155. Author’s interview with Abd Rabb al-Rasul Sayyaf, Paghman, 8 December 2017. See also Abu Hilala, awwal al-afghan al-‘arab, at 34’00’’ ff.
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