1. fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, pp. 10, 128-129, 130-131, 132-133, 134-135, 136–137; Abu Rumman and Sa‘id, al-‘alim, pp. 13 and 110; Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 71; Application for admission to the Kadoorie Agricultural School dated 7 May 1957; ‘ta‘arruf ‘ala al-sila al-harithiyya’ [Getting to know al-Sila al-Harithiyya],
2. ‘lamha ‘an al-sila al-harithiyya’ [A Glance at al-Sila al-Harithiyya]; Sami Hadawi, Village Statistics 1945: A Classification of Land and Area Ownership in Palestine (Beirut: Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center, 1970), p. 55.
3. [no source]
4. Author’s interview with Fayiz Azzam, al-Sila al-Harithiyya, 4 May 2008.
5. ‘‘ashirat al-shawahina’ [The al-Shawahina Tribe], 23 December 2010
6. Jarrar, al-shahid, p. 16; Abu Mujahid, al-shahid, p. 1 (Minbar version).
7. Azzam’s 1957 application to Kadoorie.
8. Azzam’s 1957 application to Kadoorie.
9. fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, p. 425; The overdue notice which the school sent to Azzam’s father in February 1958.
10. Photograph of Azzam family tree.
11. al-Dahshan, ‘juhud al-duktur’, p. 32; Photograph of Azzam family tree.
12. Itzhak Arnon and Michael Raviv, From Fellah to Farmer: A Study on Change in Arab Villages (Rehovot: Settlement Study Centre, 1980), pp. 14–15.
13. Eugene Rogan, The Arabs: A History, 2nd ed. (London: Penguin, 2012), pp. 56–59.
14. Abdallah Azzam, hamas: al-judhur al-tarikhiyya wa’l-mithaq [Hamas: Historical Roots and Charter] (Amman: unknown publisher, 1990), p. 43.
15. Beshara Doumani, Rediscovering Palestine: Merchants and Peasants in Jabal Nablus, 1700–1900 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), pp. 17–18.
16. Benny Morris, 1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008), p. 386.
18. Azzam, hamas, p. 43.
20. fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, p. 425.
21. Ibid.
23. Morris, 1948, p. 407.
24. Ibid., p. 136; Walid Khalidi, All that Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948 (Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1992), pp. 331–341.
25. Morris, 1948, pp. 248–250.
26. Ibid., p. 250; Azzam, hamas, p. 33.
27. Azzam, hamas, p. 38.
28. Ilan Pappe, The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine (Oxford: Oneworld, 2007), p. 105.
29. Azzam, hamas, p. 43.
30. Pappe, Ethnic Cleansing, esp. pp. 133 ff. and 200 ff.
31. Jarrar, al-shahid, pp. 16 and 20–21.
32. Khalidi, All that Remains, p. 583.
34. fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, pp. 368–369.
35. al-Bunyan al-Marsus no. 30 (February 1990), p. 12.
36. Azzam, hamas, p. 44.
37. Ibid., p. 43.
38. Yasir Abu Hilala, awwal al-afghan al-arab [The First Afghan Arab], 2009, at 11’00’’.
39. Joshua Landis, ‘Syria and the Palestine War: Fighting King ‘Abdullah’s “Greater Syria Plan”’, in The War for Palestine, ed. Eugene L. Rogan and Avi Shlaim (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 176–203, p. 195; Matthew Hughes, ‘Collusion across the Litani? Lebanon and the 1948 War’, in The War for Palestine, ed. Eugene Rogan and Avi Shlaim (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 204–227, p. 214.
40. David Malet, Foreign Fighters: Transnational Identity in Civil Conflicts (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), p. 135.
41. Seth J. Frantzman and Jovan Ćulibrk, ‘Strange Bedfellows: The Bosnians and Yugoslav Volunteers in the 1948 War in Israel/Palestine’, Istorija 20. veka, no. 1 (2009): 189–200, p. 190.
42. Haim Levenberg, Military Preparations of the Arab Community in Palestine 1945–1948 (London: Frank Cass, 1993), p. 190; Landis, ‘Syria and the Palestine War’, p. 191; Avraham Sela, ‘State, Society and Transnational Networks: The Cases of Arab Volunteers in the Palestine War (1947–48) and the “Afghan Arabs”’, Department of International Relations, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2005, p. 19.
43. Hughes, ‘Collusion across the Litani?’, p. 217.
44. Avi Shlaim, ‘Israel and the Arab coalition in 1948’, in The War for Palestine, ed. Eugene L. Rogan and Avi Shlaim (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 79–103, pp. 85–86; Landis, ‘Syria and the Palestine War’, pp. 194 and 205 (note 59); Sela, ‘State, Society and Transnational Networks’, p. 19.
45. Levenberg, Military Preparations, p. 193; Yezid Sayigh, Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement 1949–1993 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 274.
46. From video of interview with Turkish journalist dated 3 March 1989, reproduced in Abu Hilala, awwal al-afghan al-‘arab, at 11’05’’ ff.
47. Johannes Reissner, Ideologie und Politik der Muslimbruder Syriens: Von den Wahlen 1947 bis zum Verbot unter Adib as-Sisakli 1952 (Freiburg: Klaus Schwartz, 1980), p. 247; Thomas Mayer, ‘The Military Force of Islam: The Society of the Muslim Brethren and the Palestine Question, 1945–1948’, in Zionism and Arabism in Palestine and Israel, ed. Elie Kedourie and Sylvia G. Haim (London: Frank Cass, 1982), pp. 100–117, p. 108.
48. Abd al-Fattah M. El Awaisi, The Muslim Brothers and the Palestine Question, 1928–47 (London: I. B. Tauris, 1998), p. 148 ff.; Brynjar Lia, The Society of the Muslim Brothers in Egypt: The Rise of an Islamic Mass Movement, 1928–1942 (Reading: Ithaca, 1998), pp. 235–247; James Jankowski, ‘Egyptian Responses to the Palestine Problem in the Interwar Period’, International Journal of Middle East Studies 12 (1980): 1–38, p. 13; Israel Gershoni, ‘The Muslim Brothers and the Arab Revolt in Palestine’, Middle Eastern Studies 22 (1986): 367–397, p. 384.
49. Mayer, ‘The Military Force of Islam’; Reissner, Ideologie und Politik, pp. 238–259.
50. Levenberg, Military Preparations, p. 178; Mayer, ‘The Military Force of Islam’, p. 108.
51. From video of interview with Turkish journalist dated 3 March 1989, reproduced in Abu Hilala, awwal al-afghan al-‘arab, at 11’05’’ ff.
52. Azzam’s 1957 application to Kadoorie; Jarrar, al-shahid.
53. Anita Shapira, Yigal Allon, Native Son: A Biography (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008), pp. 35–36; Kadoorie website.
54. fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, p. 369.
55. Abu Mujahid, al-shahid, p. 2 (Minbar version).
56. Amir, al-shaykh al-mujahid.
58. Ibid., p. 369.
60. fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, p. 369.
61. He must have made up his mind by mid-1962, for in August he wrote to Kadoorie requesting his records so that he could apply to Damascus University.
62. Jordan University was founded in 1962, but did not have a faculty of Shari‘a until 1971: see Sharia Faculty webpage (accessed 16 March 2012).
63. Author’s interview with Azzam’s wife via the intermediary of his son Hudhayfa Azzam, Amman, September 2005.
64. al-Bunyan al-Marsus no. 30 (February 1990), p. 12.
65. Wael R. Ennab, Population and Demographic Developments in the West Bank and Gaza Strip until 1990 (New York: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, UnitedNations, 1994), p. 72.
66. Mohammed Al Shafey, ‘Asharq al-Awsat Interviews Umm Mohammed: The Wife of Bin Laden’s Spiritual Mentor’, al-Sharq al-Awsat English Online, 2005; al-Bunyan al-Marsus no. 30 (February 1990), p. 12.
67. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 24.
68. Author’s interview with Fayiz Azzam, al-Sila al-Harithiyya, 4 May 2008.
69. Jarrar, al-shahid, p. 38; Abu Rumman and Sa’id, al-‘alim, p. 110; Amir, al-shaykh al-mujahid, p. 54.
70. mawsu‘at al-dhakha’ir al-‘izam fima uthira ‘an al-imam al-humam al-shahid ‘abdallah ‘azzam [Encyclopedia of the Relics of the Legacy of the Brave Martyred Imam Abdallah Azzam] (Peshawar: Markaz al-Shahid Azzam al-I‘lami, 1997), vol. 4, p. 801.
71. Michael B. Oren, Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 205 and 219.
72. fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, p. 426.
73. From video of lecture in unidentified location, 16 September 1989, reproduced in Abu Hilala, awwal al-afghan al-‘arab, at 12’42’’ ff. See also Azzam, hamas, pp. 44–45; Jarrar, al-shahid, pp. 21 and 57.
74. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 28.
75. Amir, al-shaykh al-mujahid, p. 55.
76. al-Bunyan al-Marsus no. 30 (February 1990), p. 13.
77. Benny Morris, Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist–Arab Conflict, 1881–2001 (New York: Vintage, 2001), p. 328.
78. Peter Dodd and Halim Barakat, ‘Palestinian Refugees of 1967: A Sociological Study’, Muslim World 60, no. 2 (1970): 123–142, pp. 134–135.
80. Fouad Ajami, The Arab Predicament: Arab Political Thought and Practice since 1967 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
81. Dodd and Barakat, ‘Palestinian Refugees of 1967’, pp. 123 and 126; Nur-eldeen Masalha, ‘The 1967 Palestinian Exodus’, in The Palestinian Exodus, 1948–1998, ed. Ghada Karmi and Eugene Cotran (Reading: Ithaca, 1999), 63–110, p. 63.
82. Morris, 1948, p. 490 (note 28).
83. John K. Cooley, Green March, Black September: The Story of the Palestinian Arabs (London: Frank Cass, 1973), pp. 69 ff.
84. Author’s interview with Jamal Isma‘il, Islamabad, 20 March 2008; Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 21.
85. Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), pp. 63–80.
86. See Petter Nesser, ‘Abu Qatada and Palestine’, Die Welt des Islams 53, no. 3–4 (1 January 2013): 416–448; Joas Wagemakers, ‘In Search of “Lions and Hawks”: Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi’s Palestinian Identity’, Die Welt des Islams 53, no. 3–4 (1 January 2013): 388–415.
87. Abdallah Azzam, ‘dhikrayat filastin’ [Memories of Palestine] (Minbar al-Tawhid wa’l-Jihad, n.d.), p. 2.
88. Jarrar, al-shahid, pp. 80–81.
89. Ibid., p. 348.
90. Ibid., p. 72.
91. Amir, al-shaykh al-mujahid, p. 117.
92. Azzam, ‘dhikrayat filastin’, p. 1; Abdallah Azzam, al-difa‘ ‘an aradi almuslimin: ahamm furud al-a‘yan [The Defense of Muslim Lands: The Most Important of Individual Duties] (Peshawar: Dawa and Jihad University, 1985), p. 15 (Minbar edition).
93. Azzam, ‘dhikrayat filastin’, p. 1.
95. Azzam, ‘dhikrayat filastin’, p. 1.
96. Abdallah Azzam, ‘‘azima wa tasmim’ [Decision and Determination], al-Jihad no. 34 (September 1987): 4–7, p. 4.
97. Abu Rumman and Sa‘id, al-‘alim, pp. 85–87; Amir, al-shaykh al-mujahid, p. 321.
98. Azzam, ‘dhikrayat filastin’, p. 5.
99. Amir, al-shaykh al-mujahid, p. 119.
100. Maliach, ‘Abdullah Azzam, al-Qaeda, and Hamas’, p. 83.
101. Jarrar, al-shahid, p. 73.
102. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 172.
103. Jarrar, al-shahid, p. 66.
104. Azzam, ‘dhikrayat filastin’, p. 1.
105. Abdallah Azzam, ‘muhadara fi almania’ [Lecture in Germany], in mawsu‘at al-dhakha’ir, vol. 3, pp. 993–994.
106. Ibid.
108. Jarrar, al-shahid, p. 23.
109. Email correspondence with Erik Skare, 28 November 2017; author’s interview with Jamal Isma‘il, Islamabad, 20 March 2008.
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