1. Richard C. Martin and Abbas Barzegar, eds., Islamism: Contested Perspectives on Political Islam (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009); Mark Sedgwick, ‘Jihadism, Narrow and Wide: The Dangers of Loose Use of an Important Term’, Perspectives on Terrorism 9, no. 2 (2015): 34–41; Thomas Hegghammer, ‘The Rise of Muslim Foreign Fighters: Islam and the Globalization of Jihad’, International Security 35, no. 3 (2010): 53–94, pp. 57–59.
2. Brynjar Lia, Architect of Global Jihad: The Life of al-Qaeda Strategist Abu Mus‘ab al-Suri (London: Hurst, 2007), p. 90.
3. Thomas J. Barfield, The Central Asian Arabs of Afghanistan: Pastoral Nomadism in Transition (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981).
4. Gilles Kepel, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2002), p. 144. Peter Mandaville, Global Political Islam (London: Routledge, 2007), p. 241.
5. Fawaz Gerges, The Far Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 12; Bernard Rougier, ‘Le jihad en Afghanistan et l’émergence du salafisme-jihadisme’, in Qu’est-ce que le salafisme?, ed. Bernard Rougier (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2008), 65–86, p. 66.
6. Lawrence Wright, The Looming Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 (New York: Knopf, 2006), pp. 95–98.
7. Yahya al-Awadh, afghanistan: tahaddiyat al-jihad al-akbar [Afghanistan: The Challenges of the Great Jihad] (Doha: Dar al-Sharq, 1992), p. 68; Tawfiq Yusuf al-Wa‘i, mawsu‘at shuhada’ al-haraka alislamiyya [Encyclopaedia of the Martyrs of the Islamic Movement] (Cairo: Dar al-Tawzi‘ wa’l-Nashr al-Islamiyya, 2006), p. 223.
8. Muhammad Haniff Hassan, The Father of Jihad: ‘Abd Allah ‘Azzam’s Jihad Ideas and Implications to National Security (London: Imperial College Press, 2014); Muhammad Haniff Hassan, ‘Jihad ideas of “Abd Allah” Azzam and their implications for national security’ (Nanyang Technological University, 2012); Asaf Maliach, ‘Abdallah Azzam and the Ideological Origins of Usama Bin Ladin’s Worldwide Islamic Terrorism’ [in Hebrew], Ph.D. dissertation (Bar-Ilan University, 2006).
9. Andrew McGregor, ‘“Jihad and the Rifle Alone”: ‘Abdullah ‘Azzam and the Islamist Revolution’, Journal of Conflict Studies 23, no. 2 (2003): 92–113; Thomas Hegghammer, ‘Abdallah Azzam: l’imam du jihad’, in al-Qaida dans le texte, ed. Gilles Kepel et al. (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2005), 115–138; John C. M. Calvert, ‘The Striving Shaykh: Abdallah Azzam and the Revival of Jihad’, Journal of Religion and Society – Supplement Series (2007): 83–102; Youssef Aboul-Enein, The Late Sheikh Abdullah Azzam’s Books (part 1, part 2, part 3) (West Point, NY: Combating Terrorism Center, 2007); Camilla Holte Wiig, ‘Forpliktet til kamp: En studie av Abdullah Azzams fiendebilde og krigslegitimering’ [Bound to Fight: A Study of Abdallah Azzam’s Enemy Picture and Legitimation for War], MA thesis (University of Oslo, 2007); Asaf Maliach, ‘Abdullah Azzam, al-Qaeda, and Hamas: Concepts of Jihad and Istishhad’, Military and Strategic Affairs 2, no. 2 (2010): 79–93; Sebastian Schnelle, ‘Abdullah Azzam, Ideologue of Jihad: Freedom Fighter or Terrorist?’, Journal of Church and State 54, no. 4 (1 December 2012): 625–647; Thomas Hegghammer, ‘Abdallah Azzam and Palestine’, Die Welt des Islams 53, no. 3–4 (2013): 353–387; Jed Lea-Henry, ‘The Life and Death of Abdullah Azzam’, Middle East Policy 25, no. 1 (2018): 64–79.
10. Steven Emerson, ‘Abdullah Assam: The Man before Osama Bin Laden’, Journal of Counterterrorism and Security International (1998); Jonathan Fighel, ‘Sheikh Abdullah Azzam: Bin Laden’s Spiritual Mentor’, International Institute for Counter-Terrorism (27 September 2001); Chris Suellentrop, ‘Abdullah Azzam: The Godfather of Jihad’, Slate.com (16 April 2002); and Bruce Riedel, ‘The 9/11 Attacks’ Spiritual Father’, The Daily Beast (11 September 2011).
11. A. Jefferson Kilpatrick, Sayyid Qutb: A Selective Annotated Bibliography of Dissertations and Theses, annotated ed. ([Scotts Valley, CA]: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2015); William Shepard, Sayyid Qutb: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide ([New York]: Oxford University Press, 2010).
12. Peter Tomsen, The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failures of Great Powers (New York: PublicAffairs,2011); Alex Strick van Linschoten and Felix Kuehn, An Enemy we Created: The Myth of the Taliban–al Qaeda Merger in Afghanistan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012); Vahid Brown and Don Rassler, Fountainhead of Jihad: The Haqqani Nexus, 1973–2012 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013); Mustafa Hamid and Leah Farrall, The Arabs at War in Afghanistan (London: Hurst, 2015); Anne Stenersen, al-Qaida in Afghanistan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017).
13. Husni Adham Jarrar, al-shahid ‘abdallah ‘azzam: rajul da‘wawa-madrasat jihad [The Martyr Abdallah Azzam: Man of Da‘wa and School of Jihad] (Amman:Dar al-Diya, 1990); Bashir Abu Rumman andAbdallah Sa‘id, al-‘alim wa’l-mujahid wa’l-shahid al-shaykh ‘abdallah ‘azzam [The Scholar, Mujahid, Martyr and Sheikh Abdallah Azzam] (Amman: Dar al-Bashir, 1990); Muhammad Abdallah Amir, al-shaykh al-mujahid ‘abdallah ‘azzam: al-rajul alladhi tarjama al-aqwal ila af‘al [The Mujahid Sheikh Abdallah Azzam: The Man who Translated Words into Deeds], 1st ed. (Kuwait: Maktabat Dar al-Bayan, 1990); Ahmad Sa‘id Azzam, min manaqib al-imam al-shahid ‘abdallah ‘azzam [Character Traits of the Martyred Imam Abdallah Azzam] (Peshawar: unknown publisher, 1990); Abu Mujahid, al-shahid ‘abdallah ‘azzam bayna al-milad wa’l-istishhad [The Martyr Abdallah Azzam from Birth to Martyrdom] (Peshawar: Markaz al-Shahid Azzam al-I‘lami, 1991); Adnan al-Nahawi, ‘abdallah ‘azzam: ahdath wa mawaqif [Abdallah Azzam: Events and Positions] (Riyadh: Dar al-Nahawi, 1994); Mahmud Sa‘id Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid ‘abdallah yusuf ‘azzam: shaykhi alladhi ‘ariftu [The Martyred Doctor Abdallah Yusuf Azzam: My Shaykh as I Knew him] (Gaza: Mu’assasat Ibda’ li’l-Abhath wa’l-Dirasat wa’l-Tadrib, 2012).
14. fi ‘uyun mu‘asira: al-imam al-shahid ‘abdallah ‘azzam [Through Contemporary Eyes: The Martyred Imam Abdallah Azzam] (Peshawar: Markaz al-Shahid Azzam al-I‘lami, 1997).
15. Abdallah Bin Omar, ‘The Striving Sheikh: Abdullah Azzam’, Nida’ul Islam, July 1996; ‘Sheikh Abdullah Azzam’, Azzam.com, n.d.; ‘Abdallah Azzam’ (www.ikhwan.net/wiki, n.d.); al-Wa‘i, mawsu‘at al-shuhada’, part 1, pp. 222–230; Umar al-Haddushi, ‘nubdha mukhtasira ‘an hayat mujaddid al-jihad al-shaykh al-imam ‘abdallah ‘azzam’ [Short Presentation of the Life of the Reviver of Jihad, the Sheikh and Imam Abdallah Azzam] (Shabakat al-Tahaddi al-Islami, n.d.); and ‘al-‘alim al-mujahid wa al-shaykh al-shahid ‘abdallah ‘azzam’ [The Scholar, Mujahid and Martyr Shaykh Abdallah Azzam], Ija’at al-jihadiyya no. 1 (July 2015), pp. 21-23.
16. Iyad Abd al-Hamid Aql, ‘ma‘alim al-tarbiya aljihadiyya fi dhaw‘ kitabat al-shaykh ‘abdallah ‘azzam’ [Principles of Jihadi Education in Light of the Writings of Sheikh Abdallah Azzam], Master’s thesis (Islamic University in Gaza, 2008); Manal Abd al-Karim Hasan Aziz, ‘‘abdallah ‘azzam wa juhuduhu fi nashr al-‘aqida alislamiyya’ [Abdallah Azzam and his Efforts to Spread the Islamic Doctrine], Master’s thesis (Islamic University in Gaza, 2012); and Sa‘id Sha‘ban Khalil al-Dahshan, ‘juhud al-duktur ‘abdallah ‘azzam fi nashr al-da‘wa al-islamiyya’ [Doctor Abdallah Azzam’s Efforts in Propagating the Islamic Call], Master’s thesis (Islamic University in Gaza, 2013).
17. Basil Muhammad, al-ansar al-‘arab fi afghanistan [The Arab Supporters in Afghanistan], 2nd ed. (Riyadh: Lajnat al-Birr al-Islamiyya, 1991). The 9/11 Commission Report (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 2004), p. 467.
18. ‘min qafilat alshuhada’’ [From the Caravan of Martyrs]: al-Jihad no. 4 (March 1985), p. 36. David B. Edwards, Caravan of Martyrs: Sacrifice and Suicide Bombing in Afghanistan (Oakland: University of California Press, 2017), Kindle edition, location 140.
The Caravan 