2. al-Jihad no. 49 (December 1988), p. 3.
4. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 42.
5. Hamid and Farrall, The Arabs, pp. 81–82.
6. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 100.
7. Ibid., p. 106.
8. Author’s interview with Abd Rabb al-Rasul Sayyaf, Paghman, 8 December 2017.
9. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 119.
11. Ibid.
12. Yousaf and Adkin, Afghanistan: The Bear Trap, p. 120.
13. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 100.
14. Jarrar, al-shahid, p. 343. Anas, rihlati ma‘ al-jihad, part 3. Al-Bunyan al-Marsus no. 30 (February 1990), p. 8.
15. Hamid and Farrall, The Arabs, pp. 66–67.
16. Ibid., pp. 68–70.
17. Coll, The Bin Ladens, p. 230. Ibid., pp. 347–352.
18. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, pp. 161–162.
19. Azzam, The Lofty Mountain, pp. 150 and 152.
20. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, pp. 27–28.
21. Ibid., p. 26.
22. Author’s interview with Hudhayfa Azzam, Amman, 11 September 2006.
23. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 31.
24. Anas, rihlati ma‘ al-jihad, part 3; Abu Hilala, awwal al-afghan al-‘arab, at 37’00’’ ff.
25. Wright, The Looming Tower, p. 98.
26. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 85.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid., p. 88.
30. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, pp. 161–162.
31. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, p. 39.
32. Ibid., p. 88.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid., p. 100.
35. Ibid., pp. 99–100.
37. Author’s interview with Abdallah Anas, London, 27 July 2009.
38. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 99.
39. Anas, rihlati ma‘ al-jihad, part 3.
40. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 196. Anas, rihlati ma‘ al-jihad, part 3.
43. Ibid., p. 344.
44. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 99.
45. Anas, rihlati ma‘ al-jihad, part 4, at 12’50’’.
46. Muhammad, al-ansar, pp. 101 and 119.
47. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, p. 40.
48. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 105.
49. Ibid.
50. Ibid., p. 119.
51. Anas and Hussain, To the Mountains, p. 149.
52. Notin, La Guerre de l’ombre, p. 300.
53. Author’s interview with Abdallah Anas, London, 27 July 2009.
54. Anas and Hussain, To the Mountains, p. 150.
55. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 104; Camille Tawil, Brothers in Arms: The Story of al-Qa’ida and the Arab Jihadists (London: Saqi, 2011), p. 18. Abu Uthman’s real name was Abdallah al-Falkawi.
56. Anas and Hussain, To the Mountains, p. 150.
57. Ibid., pp. 183, 189. Mawsu‘at al-jihad [Encyclopaedia of Jihad] (al-Imara al-Islamiyya fi Afghanistan; Maktab al-Khadamat [1st electronic edition], 2002), pp. 158–258.
58. Author’s interview with Abdallah Anas, London, 27 July 2009.
59. Anas and Hussain, To the Mountains, p. 150.
60. See documents 109 and 113 in the Tareekh Osama collection.
61. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I know, p. 29.
62. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 119.
63. Ibid., p. 196.
64. Zaidan, The “Afghan Arabs” Media; al-Jihad no. 43 (June 1988), p. 2.
65. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 119.
66. Ibid., p. 202.
67. Ibid. p. 196.
68. Ibid., p. 119.
69. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 42.
70. Ibid., p. 196.
71. USA v Usama bin Laden et al., Southern District of New York, 2001, day 6 (15 February 2001), p. 729. Al-Qandahari, dhikrayat, p. 53.
72. Ibid., pp. 54 and 181. ‘Midhat Mursi al-Sayyid ‘Umar: Abu Khabab’ (West Point, NY: Combating Terrorism Center).
73. al-Qandahari, dhikrayat, p. 185.
74. Ibid., p. 181.
75. Abdul Salam Zaeef, My Life with the Taliban (London: Hurst, 2010), p. 35.
76. al-Qandahari, dhikrayat.
78. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 197.
79. Anas and Hussain, To the Mountains, p. 150. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 198.
80. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 197.
81. Anas and Hussain, To the Mountains, pp. 166–167.
82. Jarrar, al-shahid, pp. 94–95.
83. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 194.
84. Anas and Hussain, To the Mountains, p. 158; Mustafa Badi, afghanistan: ihtilal al-dhakira [Afghanistan: The Occupation of Memory] (Sanaa: unknown publisher, 2004), p. 132.
85. Muhammad, al-ansar, pp. 194–195.
86. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I know, p. 52.
87. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 49.
88. Ibid.
89. Fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, p. 381.
90. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 50.
91. al-Jihad no. 37 (December 1987), p. 9.
92. Sally Neighbour, The Mother of Mohammed: An Australian Woman’s Extraordinary Journey into Jihad (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010), p. 182.
93. Author’s interview with Abdallah Anas, London, 28 March 2012.
94. Muhammad, al-ansar, pp. 102–103.
95. Anas, rihlati ma‘ al-jihad, part 5.
97. Alain Chevalérias, ‘L’Afghanistan travaillé par les missionaires intégristes’, Journal de Genève, 26 November 1985. Email correspondence with Alain Chevalérias, 13 February 2018.
98. Muhammad, al-ansar, pp. 194–195.
99. See al-Jihad nos. 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, and 22. Subsequent issues contain similar reports.
100. Zaidan, The “Afghan Arabs” Media, p. 74.
101. Brynjar Lia and Thomas Hegghammer, ‘Jihadi Strategic Studies: The Alleged Al Qaida Policy Study Preceding the Madrid Bombings’, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 27, no. 5 (2004): 355–375.
102. Al-Jihad no. 18 (May 1986), pp. 24–27 (on the Mg-24 helicopter); al-Jihad no. 20 (July 1986), pp. 28–31 (on the Sukhoi airplanes); al-Jihad no. 22 (September 1986), pp. 26–28 (on Russian military tactics); al-Jihad no. 26 (January 1987), pp. 28–29 (on the use of land in combat); al-Jihad no. 30 (April 1987), pp. 28–31 (on Russian combat tactics in mountainous areas).
103. al-Jihad no. 19 (June 1986), p. 36.
104. al-Jihad no. 43 (June 1988), p. 15.
105. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 163.
106. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 201.
107. Ibid., p. 193.
108. Al-Jihad no. 4 (March 1985), p. 47. Author’s interview with Abd Rabb al-Rasul Sayyaf, Paghman, 8 December 2017. Jamil al-Dhiyabi, ‘Saudi Academic Recounts Experiences from Afghan War’, al-Hayat (via Ariana News), 20 March 2006. Mary Anne Weaver, ‘The Children of the Jihad’, New Yorker, 12 June 1995.
109. Author’s interview with Abd Rabb al-Rasul Sayyaf, Paghman, 8 December 2017.
110. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 49; ‘jami‘at al-da‘wa wa’l-jihad’ [University of Da‘wa and Jihad], al-Jihad no. 5 (April 1985), pp. 32–35; al-Jihad no. 15 (January 1986), pp. 33–37. Al-Bunyan al-Marsus no. 10 (November 1986), pp. 34–37.
111. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 49; Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 193.
112. Abdallah Azzam, The Scales of Allah, n.d., http://www.khilafahbooks.com/the-scales-of-allah-swt-by-shaykh-abdullah-azzam/, p. 18 (last accessed 3 December 2016).
113. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 49.
114. Zaidan, The “Afghan Arabs” Media, p. 11.
115. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 201; Jarrar, al-shahid, pp. 94–95.
116. al-Qandahari, dhikrayat, pp. 217–218.
117. Zaidan, The “Afghan Arabs” Media, p. 10.
118. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, p. 63.
119. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 48.
120. Mawsu‘at al-dhakha’ir, vol. 3, p. 1133.
121. Badi, afghanistan: ihtilal al-dhakira, pp. 132–137.
122. Muhammad, al-ansar, pp. 193–194; Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 49.
123. Muhammad, al-ansar, pp. 193–194; Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 49.
124. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 201.
125. Ibid., pp. 193–194; Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 49.
126. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 193.
127. Ibid., p. 201.
128. Ibid., pp. 193–194.
129. Ibid., p. 194.
130. Richard Miniter, Mastermind: The Many Faces of the 9/11 Architect, Khalid Shaikh Mohammed (New York: Sentinel, 2011), p. 59.
131. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 194. Al-Jihad no. 33 (August 1987), p. 47.
132. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 139.
133. Ibid., p. 121.
134. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 49.
135. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 194.
136. Ibid., p. 142.
137. Ibid., p. 194.
138. Ibid., p. 140.
140. Ibid., pp. 193–194.
142. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 48. Al-Jihad no. 17 (March 1986), pp. 24–25. Al-Bilali, ‘majallat al-jihad fi ‘amihi al-khamis’, p. 42.
143. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, pp. 43 and 47.
144. Anas and Hussain, To the Mountains, p. 153.
145. Zaidan, The “Afghan Arabs” Media, pp. 87–88.
146. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 194. Issue 13 of al-Jihad (November 1985).
147. Ibid., p. 194; author’s interview with Ahmad Zaidan, Islamabad, 18 March 2008.
148. al-Jihad no. 34 (September 1987), pp. 38–39.
149. [no reference].
150. Zaidan, The “Afghan Arabs” Media, pp. 40–41.
151. Author’s interview with Jamal Isma‘il, Islamabad, 20 March 2008. Al-Jihad no. 1, p. 3. Al-Bilali, ‘majallat al-jihad fi ‘amihi al-khamis’, p. 43.
152. Zaidan, The “Afghan Arabs” Media, p. 41.
153. Ibid., pp. 41–43 and 46; al-Jihad no. 45 (August 1988), p. 15.
154. Author’s interview with Ahmad Zaidan, Islamabad, 18 March 2008.
155. Zaidan, The “Afghan Arabs” Media, p. 43.
156. Al-Bunyan al-Marsus 30 (February 1990), p. 9. Mawsu‘at al-dhakha’ir, vol. 1, p. 787. Al-Jihad no. 29 (April 1987), p. 21. Al-Jihad no. 12 (October 1985), p. 34 and al-Jihad no. 17 (March 1986), p. 12.
157. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 48.
158. Zaidan, The “Afghan Arabs” Media, p. 41.
159. Ibid., p. 40; Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, p. 34.
160. Zaidan, The “Afghan Arabs” Media, p. 42.
161. al-Bilali, ‘majallat al-jihad fi ‘amihi al-khamis’, p. 42.
162. See, for example, al-Jihad no. 18 (May 1986), p. 2, and al-Jihad no. 44 (July 1988), p. 14.
163. ‘yusuf islam fi ard al-ribat’ [Yusuf Islam in the Land of Ribat], al-Jihad, no. 17 (March 1986): 20–22, 44. Al-Bunyan al-Marsus no. 6 (May 1986), pp. 40–42.
164. Al-Jihad no. 28 (March 1987), p. 46 and al-Jihad no. 32 (July 1987), p. 47.
165. al-Jihad no. 34 (September 1987), pp. 38–39. Al-Bunyan al-Marsus no. 14 (July 1987), p. 43.
166. Zaidan, The “Afghan Arabs” Media, p. 38.
167. Ibid.
168. Ibid., p. 39.
169. al-Bilali, ‘majallat al-jihad fi ‘amihi al-khamis’, p. 43.
170. Author’s interview with Ahmad Zaidan, Islamabad, 18 March 2008.
171. al-Jihad no. 11, p. 44.
172. al-Jihad no. 27 (February 1987), p. 3.
173. al-Jihad no. 48 (October 1988), p. 1.
174. al-Bilali, ‘majallat al-jihad fi ‘amihi al-khamis’, p. 42.
175. al-Bunyan al-Marsus no. 22 and no. 23.
176. Zaidan, The “Afghan Arabs” Media; author’s interview with Ahmad Zaidan, Islamabad, 18 March 2008.
177. Azzam, ‘dhikrayat min sahat al-jihad’ and al-Bunyan al-Marsus no. 5 (February 1986), pp. 38–39.
178. al-Bilali, ‘majallat al-jihad fi ‘amihi al-khamis’.
179. Azzam, Min Manaqib al-Imam.
180. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, p. 68.
181. Muhammad, al-ansar, pp. 195–200.
182. Ibid., p. 119.
183. Ibid. p. 196.
184. Ibid., p. 194.
185. Ibid., p. 162.
186. fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, p. 40.
187. Zaidan, The “Afghan Arabs” Media, p. 43.
188. Ibid., p. 48.
190. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 205.
191. Ibid., pp. 195–200.
192. Ibid., pp. 195–200.
193. Ibid., p. 195.
194. Ibid., pp. 195–200.
195. Ibid.
196. Ibid.
197. Anonymous, Through our Enemies’ Eyes: Osama Bin Laden, Radical Islam and the Future of America (Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 2002), p. 94.
198. Wright, The Looming Tower, p. 170. USA v Usama bin Laden et al., Southern District of New York, 2001, day 2 (6 February 2001), pp. 265–270.
199. Jarrar, al-shahid, p. 94.
The Caravan 
