2. Abu Hilala, awwal al-afghan al-‘arab, at 34’47’’ ff.
3. fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, p. 179; author’s interview with Ahmad Zaidan, Islamabad, 18 March 2008.
4. Anas, rihlati ma‘ al-jihad, part 3 (Youtube).
5. Anas, rihlati ma‘ al-jihad, part 3 (Youtube).
6. Author’s interview with Abd Rabb al-Rasul Sayyaf, Paghman, 8 December 2017.
7. Author’s interview with Jamal Isma‘il, Islamabad, 18 March 2008.
8. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 41.
9. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 119.
10. Jarrar, al-shahid, p. 343.
11. ‘History of IIUI’ (IIUI website)
12. Author’s interview with Atiq-u-Zafar, Islamabad, 20 March 2008.
13. Jamal Malik, ‘Islamic Mission and Call: The Case of the International Islamic University, Islamabad’, Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations 9, no. 1 (1 March 1998): 31–45, p. 33.
14. Author’s interview with Atiq-u-Zafar, Islamabad, 20 March 2008.
15. Author’s interview with Atiq-u-Zafar, Islamabad, 20 March 2008; author’s interview with Khalid Rahman, Islamabad, 20 March 2008; author’s interview with Ahmad Zaidan, Islamabad, 18 March 2008.
16. ‘Faisal Mosque’, Wikipedia.org, last accessed 12 February 2016.
17. Author’s interview with Mahmud Farooqi, Islamabad, 20 March 2008.
18. Author’s interview with Atiq-u-Zafar, Islamabad, 20 March 2008. Mawsu‘at al-dhakha’ir, vol. 1, pp. 570–608.
19. Author’s interview with Atiq-u-Zafar, Islamabad, 20 March 2008.
20. Author’s interview with Atiq-u-Zafar, Islamabad, 20 March 2008.
21. Author’s interview with Ahmad Zaidan, Islamabad, 18 March 2008.
22. Jarrar, al-shahid, p. 343.
23. Anas, rihlati ma‘ al-jihad, part 3.
24. Author’s interview with Atiq-u-Zafar, Islamabad, 20 March 2008.
26. Jarrar, al-shahid, p. 29.
27. Olivier Roy, Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 84.
28. Louis Dupree, ‘Afghanistan in 1982: Still no Solution’, Asian Survey 23, no. 2 (February 1983): 133–142. Lester W. Grau, The Bear Went over the Mountain (London: Routledge, 2005).
29. Population data from the World Bank.
30. ‘Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century’, n.d.
31. Simon Wolfgang Fuchs, ‘Glossy Global Leadership: Unpacking the Multilingual Religious Thought of the Jihad’, in Afghanistan’s Islam: From Conversion to the Taliban, ed. Nile Green (Oakland: University of California Press, 2017), 189–206, pp. 191 and 194–198.
32. Journal of the Muslim World League 6, no. 7 (May 1979), p. 39.
33. Hamid and Farrall, The Arabs, p. 34–35.
34. Journal of the Muslim World League 6, no. 9 (July 1979), p. 17.
35. Hamid and Farrall, The Arabs, p. 30; see also p. 27.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid.
39. Interview with NN conducted by Alex Strick van Linschoten, Qandahar, 23 August 2009.
40. [no reference]
41. Brown and Rassler, Fountainhead, p. 63.
42. Ibid.
43. Amir, al-shaykh al-mujahid, p. 233.
44. M. Halim Tanwir, Afghanistan: History, Diplomacy and Journalism, Kindle (Dartford: Xlibris, 2013), vol. 1.
45. Ibid., vols. 1 and 2. See also D. B. Edwards, ‘Print Islam: Media and Religious Revolution in Afghanistan’, Anthropological Quarterly 68 (July 1995): 171–184.
46. [no reference]
47. Fuchs, ‘Glossy Global Leadership’, p. 192.
48. Ahmad Muaffaq Zaidan, The “Afghan Arabs” Media at Jihad (Islamabad: ABC Printers, 1999), p. 24.
49. Ibid., pp. 33–35.
50. Ibid., pp. 30–32.
51. Zaidan, The “Afghan Arabs” Media, p. 31.
52. Journal of the Muslim World League 6, no. 9 (July 1979), p. 17.
53. Ali Ahmad Jalali and Lester W. Grau, Afghan Guerrilla Warfare: In the Words of the Mujahideen Fighters (St. Paul, MN: MBI Publishing, 2001), p. 108.
54. al-Bunyan al-Marsus no. 10 (November 1986), p. 13.
55. Jere Van Dyk, In Afghanistan: An American Odyssey (New York: Coward-McCann, 1983), p. 55.
56. Olivier Roy, ‘The Origins of the Islamist Movement in Afghanistan’, Central Asian Survey 3 (1984): 117–127; Strick van Linschoten and Kuehn, An Enemy we Created, p. 52.
57. Muhammad al-Majdhub, ma‘ al-mujahidin wa’l-muhajirin fi bakistan [With the Mujahidin and the Emigrants in Pakistan] (Medina: Nadi al-Madina al-Munawwara al-Adabi, 1984), pp. 28 ff. Abdallah Azzam, ‘hatta la nu‘idhdh asabi‘ al-nadam’ [So That we Will Not Regret it], al-Mujtama’ no. 618, 26 April 1983, p. 27.
59. al-Majdhub, ma‘ al-mujahidin, p. 23; author’s interview with Jamal Isma‘il, Islamabad, 18 March 2008.
60. Author’s interview with Jamal Isma‘il, Islamabad, 18 March 2008.
61. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 46.
62. Van Dyk, In Afghanistan, p. 55.
63. Edward Girardet, Killing the Cranes: A Reporter’s Journey through Three Decades of War in Afghanistan (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2011), p. 249.
64. Zaidan, The “Afghan Arabs” Media, p. 9.
65. Abdallah Azzam, ayat al-rahman fi jihad al-afghan [Signs of the Merciful in the Afghan
Jihad] (Peshawar: Ittihad Talabat al-Muslimin, 1983), p. 58 (Minbar version).
66. Jasir al-Jasir, ‘qissat al-afghan al-sa‘udiyyin’ [The Story of the Saudi Afghans], al-Majalla, 11 May 1996, p. 20.
67. Azzam, ‘hatta la nu‘idhdh’, p. 27.
68. Peter Bergen, The Osama bin Laden I Know (New York: Free Press, 2006), p. 64. Muhammad Salah, waqa’i‘ sanawat al-jihad: rihlat al-afghan al-‘arab [Realities of the Years of Jihad: The Journey of the Arab Afghans] (Cairo: Khulud, 2001), p. 69.
69. Muslim World League, qararat wa tawsiyat, pp. 348–349.
70. Ibid.
71. Ibid., pp. 353–356.
72. Ibid., p. 356.
73. Ibid., p. 364.
74. rabitat al-‘alam al-islami: ‘ashrun ‘aman.
75. al-Majdhub, ma‘ al-mujahidin.
76. Ibid., p. 35.
77. Ibid., p. 25.
78. Ibid., p. 27.
79. Ibid., p. 28.
80. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 39; Ayman al-Zawahiri, ‘fursan taht rayat alnabi’ [Knights under the Prophet’s Banner], al-Sharq al-Awsat, 2 December 2001.
81. Interview with Vahid Mojdeh conducted by Anne Stenersen, Kabul, 18 October 2009.
82. Author’s interview with Abd Rabb al-Rasul Sayyaf, Paghman, 8 December 2017.
83. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 39.
84. Author’s interview with Abd Rabb al-Rasul Sayyaf, Paghman, 8 December 2017.
85. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 39.
87. Author’s interview with Abd Rabb al-Rasul Sayyaf, Paghman, 8 December 2017.
88. Author’s interview with Jamal Isma‘il, Islamabad, 18 March 2008.
89. Azzam, ‘dhikrayat min sahat al-jihad’; al-Bunyan al-Marsus no. 11 (January 1987), pp. 44–45.
90. al-Wa‘i, mawsu‘at shuhada’, p. 224.
91. Muhammad, al-ansar, pp. 52–53.
92. Ibid., pp. 60–61.
93. Ibid., p. 129.
94. al-Bunyan al-Marsus no. 7–8 (August 1986), p. 22.
95. Salah, waqa’i‘ sanawat al-jihad, p. 56.
96. Author’s interview with Noman Benothman, London, 29 September 2010.
97. Gilles Dorronsoro, Revolution Unending: Afghanistan, 1979 to the Present (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005), p. 133. 98. Author’s interview with Kamal al-Helbawy, London, 23 March 2008. Salah, waqa’i‘ sanawat al-jihad, p. 57.
99. Author’s interview with Noman Benothman, London, 29 September 2010.
100. ‘ma ikhwanina mujahiday Afghanistan bi’l-suwar’ [With our Brothers the Mujahidin in Afghanistan, in Pictures], al-Mujtama‘ 447 (May 1979), p. 12; ‘al-thawra al-islamiyya fi afghanistan bayna al-mantalaq wa’l-hadaf’ [The Islamic Revolution in Afghanistan: Between Starting Point and Objective]’, al-Mujtama‘ 450 (19 June 1979).
101. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 61–62. Al-Bilali, ‘majallat al-jihad fi ‘amiha al-khamis’, p. 42.
102. Muhammad Qutb, al-jihad al-afghani wa-dalalatuhu [The Afghan Jihad and its Proofs] (Jeddah: Mu’assasat al-Madinah li’l-Sihafa wa’l-Tibaʻa wa’l-Nashr, 1989).
103. Hamid and Farrall, The Arabs, p. 33.
104. Salah, waqa’i‘ sanawat al-jihad, p. 54.
105. Hamid and Farrall, The Arabs, p. 78.
106. Abu Walid al-Masri, ‘laylat suqut qandahar: al-sumud al-‘arabi al-akhir fi’l-waqt al-da’i‘’ [The NightQandahar Fell: The Last Arab Resistance on Borrowed Time], 2009, p. 19.
108. ‘khamas sanawat fi sujun kabul’ [Five Years in the Prisons of Kabul], al-Jihad no. 46 (September 1988): 16–20. Al-Bunyan al-Marsus no. 22–23 (July 1988), pp. 22–29.
109. ‘khamas sanawat fi sujun kabul’, p. 17; al-Qandahari, dhikrayat, p. 232.
110. Van Dyk, In Afghanistan, pp. 98–99.
112. Ibid., p. 3.
113. Ibid.
114. Hamid and Farrall, The Arabs, p. 26.
115. Brown, Abu’l-Walid al-Masri.
116. Hamid and Farrall, The Arabs, p. 34–35; and Brown, Abu’l-Walid al-Masri.
117. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 79.
118. Hamid and Farrall, The Arabs, pp. 34–35.
119. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 80.
120. Brown, Abu’l-Walid al-Masri, p. 5.
121. Muhammad, al-ansar, pp. 81–82.
122. Ibid., p. 81.
123. Ibid., pp. 81–82.
124. Anas and Hussain, To the Mountains, pp. 9–22.
125. Anas, rihlati ma‘ al-jihad, part 2.
126. Abdallah Anas, rihlati ma‘ al-jihad [My Journey with the Jihad], part 1 (Al-Magharibia Channel, 2015), at 20’30’’. Anas and Hussain, To the Mountains, p. 22.
127. Anas and Hussain, To the Mountains, pp. 34–35.
128. Anas, rihlati ma‘ al-jihad, part 1.
129. Anas, rihlati ma‘ al-jihad, part 2.
130. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 47.
131. [no reference]
132. Ittihad newspaper, cited in Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 37. Milt Bearden and James Risen, The Main Enemy: The Inside Story of the CIA’s Final Showdown with the KGB (New York: Random House, 2003), p. 240.
133. Hamid and Farrall, The Arabs, p. 30.
134. Ibid., p. 39.
135. Ibid., p. 30.
136. Brown and Rassler, Fountainhead, pp. 62–63.
137. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 102.
138. Jean-Pierre Perrin, ‘Dans un camp souterrain des moudjahidin’, Gazette de Lausanne, 14 January 1986.
139. Mohammad Yousaf and Mark Adkin, Afghanistan: The Bear Trap, 2nd ed. (Barnsley: Leo Cooper, 2001), p. 167.
140. Commandant Amin Wardak, Mémoires de guerre (Paris: Arthaud, 2009), p. 240.
141. Ibid., p. 242.
142. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 102.
143. Wardak, Mémoires, p. 238.
144. Hamid and Farrall, The Arabs, p. 56.
The Caravan 
