1. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 146.
2. Ibid., p. 18.
3. ‘liqa’ zawjat al-shahid ‘abdallah ‘azzam ma‘ sahifat al-waqt al-turkiya’ [Interview with the Wife of Martyr Abdallah Azzam by the Turkish Vakit Newspaper], Vakit (date unknown), translated into Arabic and posted on http://www.al-hesbah.org, 7 March 2006; Al Shafey, ‘Asharq al-Awsat Interviews Umm Mohammed’.
4. Abu Mujahid, al-shahid, p. 1.
5. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 18.
6. Ibid., p. 23.
7. Ibid., p. 22.
8. Ibid., p. 72.
10. Abdallah Azzam, ‘‘ashrun ‘aman ‘ala al-shahada’ [Twenty Years of Martyrdom], al-Jihad no. 23 (October 1986): 4–7.
11. Bernard Botiveau, ‘La Formation des oulémas en Syrie: la faculté de Sharî‘a de l’université de Damas’, in Les Intellectuels et le pouvoir: Syrie, Égypte, Tunisie, Algérie, ed. Gilbert Delanoe (Cairo: CEDEJ, 1986), 67–87, pp. 70 and 88.
12. Jaques Jomier, ‘Programme et orientation des études à la faculté de théologie d’al-Azhar: kulliyat usûl al-dîn’, Revue des études islamiques no. 44 (1976): 253–272, p. 256.
13. Richard T. Antoun, Muslim Preacher in the Modern World: A Jordanian Case Study in Comparative Perspective (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), p. 80.
14. Ibid., p. 88.
15. Amnon Cohen, Political Parties in the West Bank under the Jordanian Regime, 1949–1967 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1982), p. 162; Rachel Simon, ‘agudat ha-akhim ha-muslemim (jami‘at al-ikhwan al-muslimin)’ [The Society of Muslim Brothers], in miflagot politiot ba-gada ha-ma’aravit [Political Parties in the West Bank], ed. Amnon Cohen (Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1980), 274–407.
16. Ziyad Abu-Amr, Islamic Fundamentalism in the West Bank and Gaza: Muslim Brotherhood and Islamic Jihad (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994), p. 3.
17. Cohen, Political Parties, p. 55.
19. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 154.
20. Cohen, Political Parties, p. 158; Richard P. Mitchell, The Society of the Muslim Brothers (London: Oxford University Press, 1969), pp. 30–32.
21. Abu-Amr, Islamic Fundamentalism, p. 3; Awni Judu‘ al-Ubaydi, jama‘at al-ikhwan al-muslimun fi’l-urdun wa filastin 1945–1970 [The Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan and Palestine, 1945–1970] (Amman: unknown publisher, 1991), p. 34.
23. Egdunas Racius, ‘The Multiple Nature of the Islamic Da‘wa’ (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Helsinki, 2004).
25. Ibid. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 146. ‘Abdallah Azzam’s Son Says Bin Ladin Driven to Extremism by al-Zawahiri’, Al-Arabiyya Television (via FBIS), 2005.
26. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 16.
27. Abdallah Azzam, ‘inhilal al-zawaj fi’l-fiqh wa’l-qanun’ [Marriage Dissolution in Islamic Jurisprudence and Civil Law] (BA thesis, Damascus University, 1966), p. 1.
28. Abu Mujahid, al-shahid, p. 1.
29. Jarrar, al-shahid, p. 18.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid. Al-Bunyan al-Marsus no. 30 (February 1990), p. 13.
34. al-Ubaydi, jama‘at al-ikhwan, p. 183.
36. Ibid., p. 18.
37. Ibid., p. 19.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid., p. 20.
40. Ibid., p. 27.
41. Simon, ‘agudat ha-akhim ha-muslemim’.
42. al-Ubaydi, jama‘at al-ikhwan, p. 187.
43. Barry Rubin and Judith Colp Rubin, Yasir Arafat: A Political Biography (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 18.
44. Gilles Kepel, Muslim Extremism in Egypt (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), pp. 26 ff.; Malika Zeghal, Gardiens de l’Islam: les oulémas d’al-Azhar dans l’Égypte contemporaine (Paris: Presses de Sciences-Po, 1996), pp. 102–103.
45. Raphael Lefèvre, Ashes of Hama: The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), pp. 38–40.
46. Joshua Teitelbaum, ‘The Muslim Brotherhood and the “Struggle for Syria”, 1947–1958: Between Accommodation and Ideology’, Middle Eastern Studies 40 (2004): 134–58, p. 153.
47. Bernard Botiveau, Loi islamique et droit dans les sociétés arabes: mutations des systèmes juridiques du Moyen-Orient (Paris: Karthala, 1993), p. 186. Hans Günter Lobmeyer, Opposition und Widerstand in Syrien (Hamburg: Deutsches Orient-Institut, 1995) and Reissner, Ideologie und Politik.
48. Thomas Pierret, Religion and State in Syria: The Sunni Ulama from Coup to Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), pp. 36–37.
49. Ibid., p. 37.
50. Botiveau, ‘La Formation’, p. 77.
51. Pierret, Religion and State, p. 37.
52. Botiveau, Loi islamique, p. 187.
53. Ibid., pp. 91 and 187.
54. Thomas Pierret, ‘Les oulémas syriens aux XXe–XXIe siècles: la tradition comme ressource face aux défis du changement social et de l’autoritarisme’, Ph.D. dissertation (Institut d’Études Politiques, Paris, 2009), p. 327.
55. Abdallah Azzam, fi zilal surat al-tawba [In the Shade of Surat al-Tawba] (Minbar al-Tawhid wa’l-Jihad, 1986), pp. 92–94.
56. Lefèvre, Ashes of Hama, pp. 81 ff.
57. Umar F. Abdallah, The Islamic Struggle in Syria (Berkeley: Mizan Press, 1983), pp. 104–105 and Lefèvre, Ashes of Hama, pp. 98–102. Sa‘id Hawwa, hadhihi tajribati . . . wa hadhihi shahadati [This is my Experience . . . and This my Testimony] (Cairo: Dar al-Tawfiq al-Namudhajiyya, 1987); Itzchak Weissmann, ‘Sa‘id Hawwa: The Making of a Radical Muslim Thinker in Modern Syria’, Middle Eastern Studies 29 (1993): 601–623; and Brigitte Maréchal, The Muslim Brothers in Europe: Roots and Discourse (Leiden: Brill, 2008), pp. 125–126.
58. Lobmeyer, Opposition und Widerstand in Syrien, p. 125.
59. Itamar Rabinovich, Syria under the Ba‘th 1963–66: The Army–Party Symbiosis (Jerusalem: Israel Universities Press, 1972), pp. 109–112; Thomas Mayer, ‘The Islamic Opposition in Syria, 1961–1982’, Orient 24 (1983): 589–610, p. 593; Olivier Carré and Gerard Michaud, Les Frères Musulmans: Égypte et Syrie (Paris: Gallimard, 1983), p. 132.
60. Rabinovich, Syria under the Ba‘th, p. 143; Lobmeyer, Opposition und Widerstand in Syrien, p. 148.
61. Mayer, ‘The Islamic Opposition in Syria’, p. 593.
62. Email correspondence with Thomas Pierret, 25 April 2018. Mayer, ‘The Islamic Opposition in Syria’, p. 591; Lobmeyer, Opposition und Widerstand in Syrien, p. 133; Hanna Batatu, ‘Syria’s Muslim Brethren’, MERIP Reports 12 (1982): 12–20, p. 19.
63. Weissmann, ‘Sa‘id Hawwa’, p. 617; Brynjar Lia, ‘The Islamist Uprising in Syria, 1976–82: The History and Legacy of a Failed Revolt’, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 43, no. 4 (8 February 2016): 541–559. Email correspondence with Thomas Pierret, 25 April 2018.
64. Author’s interview with Isam al-Attar, Aachen, 16 December 2009.
65. Weissmann, ‘Sa‘id Hawwa’, p. 615.
66. al-Jihad no. 53 (March/April 1989), reproduced in mawsu‘at al-dhakha’ir, vol. 1, p. 795.
67. fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, p. 27. Azzam Tamimi, Rachid Ghannouchi: A Democrat within Islamism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 17.
68. Azzam, fi zilal, p. 21.
69. Ibid. qahir hafiz al-asad wa’l-nusayriyya fi suria, batal hama Marwan hadid [The Victor of Hafez al-Assad and the Nusayris in Syria, the Hero of Hama Marwan Hadid] (posted 9 January 2011, last accessed 29 August 2018).
70. Abdallah Azzam, The Lofty Mountain (London: Azzam Publications, n. d.), pp. 24–25.
71. Jarrar, al-shahid, p. 20.
72. Azzam, ‘‘ashrun ‘aman’.
73. Kepel, Muslim Extremism in Egypt, pp. 31–35; Omar Ashour, The De-Radicalization of Jihadists: Transforming Armed Islamist Movements (London: Routledge, 2009), pp. 74–80.
74. Azzam, ‘‘ashrun ‘aman’. See also Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 155.
75. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 153.
76. Abdallah Azzam, ‘athar al-namadhij al-hayya ‘ala al-nafs wa’l-bashariyya’ [The Effect of Living Symbols on Individuals and on Mankind], in mawsu‘at al-dhakha’ir, vol. 3, p. 1081.
77. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 154.
78. Ibid.
79. Ibid.
80. Abdallah Azzam, ‘al-ma’thurat fi thawbihi al-jadid’ [al-Ma’thurat in New Garb], in mawsu‘at al-dhakha’ir, vol. 1, p. 88.
81. al-Bunyan al-Marsus no. 30 (February 1990), p. 12.
82. Azzam, ‘athar al-namadhij al-hayya’.
83. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 24.
84. Adnan Musallam, From Secularism to Jihad: Sayyid Qutb and the Foundations of RadicalIslamism (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2005); John C. M. Calvert, Sayyid Qutb and the Origins of Radical Islamism (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009); and James Toth, Sayyid Qutb: The Life and Legacy of a Radical Islamic Intellectual (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013).
5. Wright, The Looming Tower, pp. 7–31.
86. Mitchell, The Society, passim; Lia, The Society of the Muslim Brothers in Egypt, pp. 178 ff.; Abd al-Azim Ramadan, al-ikhwan almuslimun wa’l-tanzim al-sirri [The Muslim Brotherhood and the Secret Apparatus] (Cairo: Ruz al-Yusif, 1982); Ahmad Adil Kamal, al-nuqat fawqa al-huruf: al-ikhwan al-muslimun wa’l-tanzim al-khass [The Points above the Letters: The Muslim Brotherhood and the Special Apparatus] (Cairo: al-Zahra li’l-I‘lam al-Arabi, 1989); Mahmud al- Sabagh, haqiqat al-tanzim al-khass [The Truth about the Secret Apparatus] (Cairo: Dar al-I‘tisam, 1989).
87. Ashour, The De-Radicalization of Jihadists, pp. 63–89.
88. Sayyid Qutb, Milestones (Birmingham: Maktabah Booksellers and Publishers, 2006), pp. 27 and 72.
89. al-Ubaydi, jama‘at al-ikhwan, p. 148. Masami Nishino, ‘Muhammad Qutb’s Islamist Thought: A Missing Link between Sayyid Qutb and al-Qaeda?’ NIDS Journal of Defence and Security 16 (2015): 113–45.
90. Nishino, ‘Muhammad Qutb’s Islamist Thought’, p. 117.
91. Azzam, hamas, p. 72.
92. Abdallah Azzam, ‘sayyid qutb wa qawl bi-wihdat al-wujud’ [Sayyid Qutb and the Unity of Existence], al-Mujtama‘ no. 525 (April 1981).
93. Azzam, ‘‘ashrun ‘aman’.
94. Abdallah Azzam, ‘amlaq al-fikr al-islami (al-shahid sayyid qutb) [The Giant of Islamic Thought (The Martyr Sayyid Qutb)], in mawsu‘at al-dhakha’ir, vol. 1, pp. 802–823.
95. Abu Ibada al-Ansari, mafhum al-hakimiyya fi fikr ‘abdallah ‘azzam [The Concept of Hakimiyya in the Thought of Abdallah Azzam] (Peshawar: Markaz al-Shahid Azzam al-I‘lami, n.d.).
96. Abdallah Anas, rihlati ma‘ al-jihad [My Journey with the Jihad], part 4 (Al-Magharibia Channel, 2015).
The Caravan 
