1. Al Shafey, ‘Asharq al-Awsat Interviews Umm Mohammed’.
2. Anas and Hussain, To the Mountains, p. 145.
3. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 205. Wright, The Looming Tower, pp. 116 and 400.
4. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 112.
6. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 60. Author’s interview with Atiq-u-Zafar, Islamabad, March 2008.
7. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, pp. 61–62. Jarrar, al-shahid, pp. 346–347; Amir, al-shaykh al-mujahid, p. 12; and fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, p. 483.
8. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 61.
9. Ibid., pp. 61–62.
10. fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, p. 107.
11. Ibid., pp. 482–483.
12. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, pp. 62–63; Anas and Hussain, To the Mountains, p. 188.
13. al-Bunyan al-Marsus no. 7–8 (August 1986), pp. 58–60.
14. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 67.
15. al-Jihad no. 54–55 (April 1989), p. 37.
16. al-Jihad no. 42 (May 1988), p. 3.
17. al-Jihad no. 42 (May 1988), p. 41.
18. al-Jihad no. 60 (October 1989), p. 11.
19. al-Jihad no. 62 (December 1989), p. 12.
20. al-Bunyan al-Marsus no. 24 (September 1988).
21. Rabi‘ bin Hadi al-Madkhali, ‘munadhara ‘an afghanistan’ [Discussion on Afghanistan], n.d..
22. Wright, The Looming Tower, pp. 136, 402.
23. Notin, La Guerre de l’ombre, pp. 323–324.
24. Author’s interview with Prince Turki al-Faisal, Princeton, 12 November 2009.
25. al-Jihad no. 19 (June 1986), p. 22.
26. Rougier, Everyday Jihad, p. 77.
27. Barnett R. Rubin, ‘Arab Islamists in Afghanistan’, in Political Islam: Revolution, Radicalism, or Reform? ed. John Esposito (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1997), 179–206, pp. 196–197; and Roy, Islam and Resistance, p. 118.
28. Kevin Bell, ‘The First Islamic State: A Look Back at the Islamic Emirate of Kunar’, The Sentinel 9, no. 2 (February 2016): 9–14.
29. Davis, ‘Foreign Combatants in Afghanistan’; Bell, ‘The First Islamic State’, p. 11.
30. Author’s interview with Mishari al-Dhaydi, Riyadh, 21 November 2005.
31. Davis, ‘Foreign Combatants in Afghanistan’.
32. Ibid.; Barnett R. Rubin, The Search for Peace in Afghanistan: From Buffer State to Failed State (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1995), p. 261; Dorronsoro, Revolution Unending, p. 232. Bell, ‘The First Islamic State’, p. 11.
33. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, pp. 65–66.
34. Ibid., pp. 65–66 and 152.
35. Ibid., p. 136. Author’s interview with Prince Turki al-Faisal, Princeton, 12 November 2009.
36. David Andrew Weinberg, ‘King Salman’s Shady History: Foreign Policy’, Foreign Policy Online, 27 January 2015; Hegghammer, Jihad in Saudi Arabia, pp. 20, 25, 28 and 34.
37. Badi, afghanistan: ihtilal al-dhakira, pp. 197–198.
38. Twitter messages from Hudhayfa Azzam (@AzzamHuthaifa), 13 March 2018.
39. Badi, afghanistan: ihtilal al-dhakira, pp. 182–187.
40. al-Qandahari, dhikrayat, p. 234.
41. Anas and Hussain, To the Mountains, p. 151.
42. Ibid., pp. 117, 165–166.
43. Ibid., p. 117.
44. fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, p. 40; al-Bunyan al-Marsus no. 30 (February 1990), p. 29.
45. fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, p. 352; Anas and Hussain, To the Mountains, p. 117.
46. Stéphane Lacroix, A Social and Political History of Egyptian Salafism, forthcoming.
47. Joas Wagemakers, A Quietist Jihadi: The Ideology and Influence of Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012).
48. Al-Qandahari, dhikrayat, p. 183.
49. Wagemakers, A Quietist Jihadi, p. 38.
50. Abd al-Qadir Bin Abd al-Aziz, risalat al-‘umda fi i‘dad al-‘udda li’l-jihad fi sabil allah [Treatise on the Pillar of Military Preparation for Jihad in God’s Path] (Minbar al-Tawhid wa’l-Jihad, 1988); Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi, millat ibrahim wa da‘wat al-anbiya’ wa’l-mursalin [The Community of Abraham and the Call of the Prophets and the Messengers] (Minbar al-Tawhid wa’l-Jihad, 1984); Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi, al-kawashif al-jaliyya fi kufr al-dawla alsa‘ udiyya [The Blatant Proof of the Infidel Nature of the Saudi State] (Minbar al-Tawhid wa’l-Jihad, 1989). See also Simon Wolfgang Fuchs, Proper Signposts for the Camp: The Reception of Classical Authorities in the Gihadi Manual al-ʻUmda fı Iʻdad al-ʻUdda (Würzburg: Ergon-Verlag, 2011); Nelly Lahoud, The Jihadis’ Path to Self-Destruction (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010), pp. 132–137; Wagemakers, A quietist Jihadi, p. 38; and Lacroix, Awakening Islam, pp. 101–102.
51. Lia, Architect of Global Jihad, p. 116.
52. Anas, wiladat, p. 73.
53. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, p. 95.
54. Wright, The Looming Tower, p. 130.
55. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, p. 69.
56. Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi, marhalat Afghanistan [The Afghanistan Stage], Minbar al-Tawhid wa’l-Jihad, n.d.
57. Ibid.; Wagemakers, A Quietist Jihadi, pp. 38–39.
58. Author’s interview with Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi, Zarqa, 11 July 2018.
59. Anas and Hussain, To the Mountains, pp. 177 and 189.
60. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, p. 67. Anas and Hussain, To the Mountains, p. 180. Wright, ‘The Man Behind Bin Laden’; Muntassir al-Zayyat, The Road to al-Qaeda: The Story of Bin Laden’s Right-Hand Man (London: Pluto Press, 2004); Youssef Aboul-Enein, Ayman al-Zawahiri: The Ideologue of Modern Islamic Militancy (Maxwell Air Force Base, AL: USAF Counterproliferation Center, Air University, 2004); Stéphane Lacroix, ‘Ayman al-Zawahiri, le vétéran du jihad’, in al-Qaida dans le texte, ed. Gilles Kepel et al. (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2008), 221–242; Abd al-Rahim, ayman al-zawahiri; Abd al-Rahman Hallush, al-shaykh wa’l-tabib: usama bin ladin wa ayman al-zawahiri [The Shaykh and the Doctor: Usama Bin Ladin and Ayman al-Zawahiri] (Beirut: Riyadh al-Rayyis, 2011). For English translations of several of his writings see Laura Mansfield, His Own Words: A Translation of the Writings of Dr. Ayman al-Zawahiri ([Old Tappan, NJ]: TLG Publications, 2006).
61. Wright, The Looming Tower, pp. 122 ff. Lahoud, The Jihadis’ Path to Self-Destruction, pp. 131–132.
62. Anas and Hussain, To the Mountains, p. 177. Thomas Joscelyn, ‘al Nusrah Front Confirms al Qaeda Veteran Killed in US Airstrike,’ The Long War Journal, 6 April 2016.
63. Anas and Hussain, To the Mountains, p. 189.
64. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, pp. 68 and 95.
65. Michelle Shephard, Guantanamo’s Child: The Untold Story of Omar Khadr (Mississauga, Ont: Wiley, 2008), passim. See also Tawil, Brothers in Arms, pp. 40–41.
66. Berger, Beatings and Bureaucracy, Kindle version, location 623 ff.
67. [No reference]
68. Berger, Beatings and Bureaucracy, Kindle version.
69. Wright, The Looming Tower, pp. 136–137. Anas and Hussain, To the Mountains, pp. 203–204.
70. Shephard, Guantanamo’s Child, pp. 32–34. I thank Vahid Brown for alerting me to Shephard’s account.
71. Berger, Beatings and Bureaucracy, Kindle version, location 623 ff.
72. [No reference].
73. Berger, Beatings and Bureaucracy, Kindle version, location 623 ff.
74. Ayman al-Zawahiri, The Exoneration, 2008, p. 246.
75. Ibid., pp. 246–247. “Letter to Abu Muhammad”.
76. Tawil, Brothers in Arms, p. 39.
77. ‘liqa’ zawjat al-shahid’.
78. Author’s interview with Abdallah Anas, Kabul, 8 December 2017.
79. ‘The Open Meeting with Sheikh Ayman al-Zawahiri – Part One’, 2008, p. 16.
80. al-Zawahiri, The Exoneration, pp. 37, 106, and 247.
81. Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, Secret Plans Open Faces: From the Withdrawal of Russians to the Fall of the Coalition Government (Peshawar: University of Peshawar, 2004).
82. Coll, Ghost Wars, pp. 107–119.
83. [No reference].
84. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, pp. 138 and 141.
85. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, p. 97.
86. Al-Jihad no. 12 (October 1985), pp. 22–25.
87. Abdallah Azzam, shahr bayna al-‘amaliqa [A Month among Giants] (Minbar al-Tawhid wa’l-Jihad, 1989). al-Jihad no. 53 (March 1989), pp. 32–36.
88. al-Dhiyabi, ‘Saudi Academic Recounts Experiences from Afghan War’.
89. Anas, wiladat, p. 77.
90. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, p. 94.
91. Coll, Ghost Wars, pp. 202–203.
92. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, pp. 70–71. Coll, Ghost Wars, pp. 202–203.
93. Coll, Ghost Wars, p. 202; Anas, wiladat, pp. 74–75.
94. al-Dhiyabi, ‘Saudi Academic Recounts Experiences from Afghan War’.
95. Anas and Hussain, To the Mountains, pp. 198–202; Anas, wiladat, p. 74; Tawil, Brothers in Arms, pp. 21–24; al-Dhiyabi, ‘Saudi Academic Recounts Experiences from Afghan War’; author’s telephone interview with Jamal Khashoggi, 14 September 2018.
96. al-Dhiyabi, ‘Saudi Academic Recounts Experiences from Afghan War’.
97. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, p. 69.
98. Anas, wiladat, pp. 77–80. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 96; Barnett R. Rubin, The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and Collapse in the International System, 2nd ed. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002), pp. 250–251; Coll, Ghost Wars, pp. 202–203; Yousaf and Adkin, Afghanistan: The Bear Trap, p. 129.
99. al-Jihad no. 59 (September 1989), p. 9; Coll, Ghost Wars, pp. 202–203; Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, p. 71.
100. fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, pp. 115 and 280.
101. Ibid., p. 280.
102. Ibid., p. 115. Ibid., p. 136.
103. Ibid., p. 176.
104. al-Jihad no. 43 (June 1988), p. 8.
105. Jarrar, al-shahid, p. 74.
106. Ibid., p. 65.
107. Author’s interview with Abu Harith, Amman, 8 May 2008.
108. Maliach, ‘Abdullah Azzam, al-Qaeda, and Hamas’, p. 87.
109. ‘liqa’ zawjat al-shahid’; Al Shafey, ‘Asharq al-Awsat Interviews Umm Mohammed’.
110. Author’s interview with Jamal Isma‘il, Islamabad, 20 March 2008; author’s interview with Abu Harith, Amman, 8 May 2008.
111. Maliach, ‘Abdullah Azzam, al-Qaeda, and Hamas’, p. 84.
112. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 150.
113. Abdallah Azzam, ‘fi’l-ta’amur al-‘alami – al-juz’ al-thani’ [On the Global Conspiracy – Part Two], in mawsu’at al-dhakha’ir, vol. 4, p. 637.
114. Author’s interview with Jamal Isma‘il, Islamabad, 20 March 2008.
115. Jarrar, al-shahid, p. 356.
116. Ibid., p. 65.
117. Author’s interview with Jamal Isma‘il, Islamabad, 20 March 2008. Jarrar, al-shahid, p. 356.
118. al-Dahshan, ‘juhud al-duktur’, p. 105.
119. Ehud Ya’ari, ‘The Afghans Are Coming’, Jerusalem Report, 2 July 1992: 30.
120. Asaf Maliach, ‘Bin Ladin, Palestine and al-Qa‘ida’s Operational Strategy’, Middle Eastern Studies 44, no. 3 (May 2008): 353–375, p. 355.
121. Jarrar, al-shahid, p. 353.
122. ‘From Kabul to al-Quds’, video file in author’s possession.
123. al-Jihad no. 60 (October 1989), p. 41.
124. ‘liqa’ zawjat al-shahid’.
125. ‘Izz al-Din Subhi al-Shaykh Khalil’, http://www.alqassam.net, n.d. (last accessed 10 April 2018). I thank Alexander De la Paz for this reference.
126. ‘Ibrahim Abd al-Karim Bani Awda’, www.alqassam.net, n.d. I thank Alexander De la Paz and Erik Skare for this reference.
127. Jarrar, al-shahid, p. 356.
128. Azzam, hamas, p. 81.
129. Ibid.
130. Author’s interview with Jamal Isma‘il, Islamabad, 20 March 2008.
131. Jarrar, al-shahid, p. 356.
132. Author’s interview with Reuven Paz, London, 26 March 2012.
133. Author’s interview with Shaul Shay, Hertzlia, 8 September 2013.
134. Shlomo Shpiro, ‘Israeli Intelligence and al-Qaeda’, International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence 25, no. 2 (2012): 240–259, p. 241.
135. Author’s interview with Yonathan Fighel, Hertzlia, 8 September 2013.
136. Author’s interview with Reuven Paz, London, 26 March 2012; author’s interview with Ely Karmon, Hertzlia, 7 September 2013; author’s interview with Yonathan Fighel, Hertzlia, 8 September 2013; author’s interview with Shaul Shay, Hertzlia, 8 September 2013.
137. Author’s interview with Yonathan Fighel, Hertzlia, 8 September 2013.
The Caravan 
