1. Lamb, Waiting for Allah, p. 181.
2. Author’s interview with Jamal Isma‘il, Islamabad, 18 March 2008.
3. Author’s interview with Abdallah Anas, London, 1 December 2015.
4. The Words of Abdallah Azzam, p. 2.
5. Author’s interview with Sami ul-Haq, Akora Khattak, 21 March 2008. Anas and Hussain, To the Mountains, p. 24.
6. Author’s interview with Ahmad Zaidan, Islamabad, 18 March 2008.
7. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 78.
8. Ibid., p. 208.
10. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 101.
11. Wright, The Looming Tower, p. 134.
12. Jarrar, al-shahid, pp. 353–354.
13. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 200.
14. Ibid., p. 73.
16. Ibid., p. 381.
17. Author’s interview with Abu Harith, Amman, 8 May 2008.
18. Jarrar, al-shahid, p. 349.
19. Anas and Hussain, To the Mountains, p. 107.
20. Jarrar, al-shahid, p. 345.
21. Ibid., p. 88; Amir, al-shaykh al-mujahid.
22. Al-Jihad no. 32 (July 1987), pp. 26–29.
23. Author’s interview with Jamal Isma‘il, Islamabad, 20 March 2008.
24. Jarrar, al-shahid, p. 351.
25. Azzam, wasiyat al-‘abd al-faqir ila allah.
26. Author’s interview with Abdallah Anas, London, 1 December 2015. Ibid.
28. fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, p. 169. Abdallah Azzam, ‘wathiqa ila al-ikhwan al-muslimun fi’l urdun’ [Document to the Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan], mawsu‘at al-dhakha’ir, vol. 1, pp. 999–1006.
29. Jarrar, al-shahid, p. 52. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 99. Al-Qandahari, dhikrayat, p. 119.
30. fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, p. 179.
31. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, p. 28. Nir Rosen, Aftermath: Following the Bloodshed of America’s Wars in the Muslim World (New York: Nation Books, 2010), p. 131.
32. Rosen, Aftermath, p. 131.
33. Mary Fitzgerald, ‘The Son of the Father of Jihad’, The Irish Times, 7 July 2006.
35. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 19.
36. Twitter message from @LoveLiberty, 20 September 2015.
37. fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, p. 426.
38. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, pp. 19–20.
39. Abu Mujahid, al-shahid, p. 1.
40. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 20.
41. Abdallah Azzam, ‘shukr ‘ala tu‘az’ [Thank you for the Condolences], Luhayb al-Ma’raka 34 (14 January 1989), in mawsu‘at al-dhakha’ir, vol. 1, p. 798; Abdallah Azzam, fi khidamm al-ma‘raka [In the Heat of Battle], 9 September 1989, in ibid., vol. 2, p. 2.
42. fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, p. 426.
43. Jarrar, al-shahid, p. 52; fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, p. 425.
44. Author’s interview with Abu Harith, Amman, 8 May 2008.
45. Berger, Beatings and Bureaucracy, Kindle edition, location 671.
46. Amir, al-shaykh al-mujahid, p. 65.
47. The Words of Abdallah Azzam, pp. 62–63. Azzam later sold the cushions: ibid., p. 63. See also Jarrar, al-shahid, p. 30. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 92.
49. fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, p. 385.
50. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 85.
52. Anas, rihlati ma‘ al-jihad, part 3.
53. Author’s interview with Sami ul-Haq, Akora Khattak, 21 March 2008.
54. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, p. 40.
55. Author’s interview with Isam al-Attar, Aachen, 16 December 2009.
56. Badi, afghanistan: ihtilal al-dhakira, p. 113.
57. Jarrar, al-shahid, p. 343.
58. Azzam, The Lofty Mountain, p. 51.
59. Ibid., p. 9.
60. Author’s interview with Ahmad Zaidan, Islamabad, 18 March 2008.
61. Author’s interview with Rahimulla Yusufzai, Peshawar, 17March 2008.
62. Author’s interview with Ahmad Zaidan, Islamabad, 18 March 2008.
63. Author’s interview with Abdallah Anas, London, 27 July 2009; author’s interview with Ahmad Zaidan, Islamabad, 18 March 2008.
64. Author’s interview with Hudhayfa Azzam, Amman, 12 November 2006.
65. al-Qandahari, dhikrayat, p. 229.
66. Ibid., p. 114.
67. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 101.
68. Abdallah Azzam, ‘masani‘ al-abtal’ [Hero Factories], al-Jihad no. 36 (November 1987): 4–6.
69. Berger, Beatings and Bureaucracy, Kindle edition, location 622.
71. Al-Bunyan al-Marsus no. 9 (September 1986), pp. 52 and 62.
72. Hamza, qafilat da‘wat jihad, p. 149.
73. Pauline Lewis, ‘Zainab al-Ghazali: Pioneer of Islamist Feminism’, Michigan Journal of History 4, no. 2 (2007).
74. Tanwir, Afghanistan, vol. 2.
75. Anas and Hussain, To the Mountains, p. 120.
76. Muhammad, al-ansar, pp. 38 and 40–41; Aziz, ‘‘abdallah ‘azzam wa juhuduhu’, p. 49.
77. Zaidan, The “Afghan Arabs” Media, p. 66.
79. al-Jihad no. 9 (17 July 1985), p. 44.
80. fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, pp. 384 and 386.
81. Al-Bunyan al-Marsus no. 3 (September 1985), p. 54.
82. A’ida Muhajir, ‘da‘wa ila jihad’ [Call to Jihad], al-Jihad no. 20 (July 1986): 38 and A’ida Muhajir, ‘hamsa fi udhn al-mutabarri‘in’ [Whisper in the Ear of the Donors], al-Jihad no. 32 (July 1987): 40.
83. Ahlam, ‘tahrir al-mar’a’ [Women’s Liberation], al-Jihad no. 18 (June 1986): 34.
84. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, p. 43.
86. mawsu‘at aldhakha’ir, vol. 2, pp. 378–379.
87. fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, p. 409.
88. Abdallah Azzam, ‘muqabala ma‘ al-da‘iya: al-sayyida zaynab alghazzali’ [Interview with a Preacher: Mrs Zaynab al-Ghazzali], al-Jihad no. 14 (December 1985): 38–40. Al-Bunyan al-Marsus no. 7–8 (August 1986), pp. 58–60.
89. Hassan Abu Hanieh, Women and Politics from the Perspective of Islamic Movements in Jordan (Amman: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2008), p. 58.
90. Azzam, ilhaq bi’l-qafila, p. 8.
91. Ibid., p. 29.
92. ‘ithaf al-‘ibad bi-fada’il al-jihad’ [Illustrating the Virtues of Jihad to God’s Servants], translated by and cited in Nelly Lahoud, ‘The Neglected Sex: The Jihadis’ Exclusion of Women from Jihad’, Terrorism and Political Violence 26, no. 5 (20 February 2014): 780–802, p. 785.
93. Ibid., p. 786.
94. Vikram Dodd, ‘Roshonara Choudhry: Police Interview Extracts’, The Guardian Online, 3 November 2010. Elizabeth Pearson, ‘The Case of Roshonara Choudhry: Implications for Theory on Online Radicalization, ISIS Women, and the Gendered Jihad’, Policy and Internet, 29 September 2015.
95. Åsne Seierstad, To Søstre [Two Sisters] (Oslo: Kagge, 2016), p. 26.
97. Hauslohner, ‘Friend of Zawahiri’.
98. ‘Bin-Ladin Associate Interrogated’, al-Sharq al-Awsat (via FBIS), 24 June 1999.
99. Neighbour, The Mother of Mohammed, pp. 174–176.
100. Ibid., p. 179.
101. Ibid.
102. Ibid., pp. 184–185.
103. Strick van Linschoten and Kuehn, An Enemy we Created, pp. 69–82. Brown and Rassler, Fountainhead, pp. 78 ff.
104. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 58.
105. al-Qandahari, dhikrayat, p. 235.
106. Azzam, The Lofty Mountain, pp. 71–72; Azzam, ‘ibar wa basa’ir, p. 108–109.
107. Ibid., p. 229.
108. Ibid., p. 188.
109. Ibid., p. 53.
110. Ibid., p. 252.
111. Ibid., p. 246.
112. Neighbour, The Mother of Mohammed, p. 188.
113. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 57.
114. Jalali and Grau, Afghan Guerrilla Warfare, p. 129.
115. Ibid., pp. 314–315.
116. Ibid., p. 398.
117. Abu Rumman and Sa‘id, al-‘alim, p. 21.
118. Anas, rihlati ma‘ al-jihad, part 8, at 17’15’’.
119. al-Qandahari, dhikrayat, p. 85.
120. Azzam, ‘ibar wa basa’ir, p. 70.
121. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 54.
122. Anas and Hussain, To the Mountains, p. 190.
123. al-Qandahari, dhikrayat, p. 171.
124. Ibid., p. 27.
125. Ibid., p. 215.
126. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 52.
127. Anas, rihlati ma‘ al-jihad, part 8, at 17’15’’.
128. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 55.
130. fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, p. 105.
131. Ibid., p. 106.
132. al-Qandahari, dhikrayat, p. 85.
133. Ibid., p. 284.
134. Ibid., p. 285.
135. Interview with Vahid Mojdeh conducted by Anne Stenersen, Kabul, 18 October 2009.
136. al-Qandahari, dhikrayat, p. 159.
137. Notin, La Guerre de l’ombre, p. 299.
138. Anas, wiladat, p. 63.
139. al-Qandahari, dhikrayat, p. 251.
140. Ibid., pp. 206–207.
141. Li, ‘Taking the Place of Martyrs’.
142. Syed Saleem Shahzad, Inside al-Qaeda and the Taliban: Beyond Bin Laden and 9/11 (New York: Pluto Press, 2011), p. 207. Jamal, ‘The Growth of the Deobandi Jihad in Afghanistan’.
143. Fair, Hoffman, and Reinares, ‘Leader-Led Jihad in Pakistan’, p. 577.
144. Hamid and Farrall, The Arabs, p. 174.
145. Al-Jihad no. 29 (April 1987), p. 27.
146. Usmani, Jihad in Afghanistan, p. 193; see also p. 204.
147. Ibid., p. 251.
148. Shahzad, Inside al-Qaeda and the Taliban, p. 207. Hamid and Farrall, The Arabs, p. 174.
149. Author’s interview with Abd Rabb al-Rasul Sayyaf, Paghman, 8 December 2017; author’s interview with Abdallah Anas, Paghman, 8 December 2017.
150. Hamza, qafilat da‘wat jihad, pp. 64, 101, 123, 126–127, 171, and 205.
151. Ibid., pp. 121–122.
152. Ibid., p. 149. Tankel, Storming the World Stage, p. 20.
153. Hamza, qafilat da‘wat jihad, p. 138.
154. Anas, wiladat; al-Qandahari, dhikrayat; Hamid and Farrall, The Arabs; Salah, waqa’i‘ sanawat al-jihad; Badi, afghanistan: ihtilal al-dhakira.
155. al-Qandahari, dhikrayat, pp. 23–24.
156. Anas and Hussain, To the Mountains, p. 160.
157. ‘mukhayyamat tarbawiyya islamiyya’ [Islamic Educational Camps], al-Jihad 21 (August 1986), pp. 33–35.
159. Anas, rihlati ma‘ al-jihad, part 7, at 14’.
160. Yousaf and Adkin, Afghanistan: The Bear Trap, p. 32.
161. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 159.
162. Berger, Jihad Joe, pp. 14–15.
163. Badi, afghanistan: ihtilal al-dhakira, pp. 112–121.
164. al-Qandahari, dhikrayat, p. 192.
165. Anas, wiladat, p. 58.
166. al-Qandahari, dhikrayat, p. 111.
167. Azzam, The Tawhid of Action, p. 7.
168. ‘The Words of Abdallah Azzam’, pp. 2–3.
169. [No reference]
170. al-Qandahari, dhikrayat, p. 291.
171. Iain R. Edgar, The Dream in Islam: From Qur’anic Tradition to Jihadist Inspiration (New York: Berghahn Books, 2011).
172. al-Qandahari, dhikrayat, p. 188.
173. Ibid., p. 200.
174. Ibid., p. 282.
175. Ibid., p. 250.
176. Azzam, The Lofty Mountain, p. 45.
177. Miller, The Audacious Ascetic, pp. 95–97.
178. Anas and Hussain, To the Mountains, p. 163.
179. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 122.
180. Ibid., p. 114.
181. al-Jihad no. 14 (December 1985), pp. 43–44.
182. al-Jihad no. 18 (May 1986), p. 28; al-Jihad no. 22 (September 1986), p. 42; al-Jihad no. 32 (July 1987), p. 44. Al-Bunyan al-Marsus no. 3 (September 1985), p. 56; no. 7–8 (August 1986), p. 57; and no. 10 (November 1986), pp. 48–49.
183. al-Jihad no. 16 (February 1986), p. 36; al-Jihad no. 21 (August 1986), p. 38; al-Jihad no. 48 (November 1988), p. 39.
184. al-Qandahari, dhikrayat, p. 190.
185. Abdallah Anas, rihlati ma‘ al-jihad, part 7, at 35’40’’ ff.
186. al-Bunyan al-Marsus no. 30 (February 1990), p. 9.
187. al-Jihad no. 30 (May 1987), pp. 16–20.
188. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 111.
189. Izzat Muhammad Ibrahim Hassan, ‘al-jihad al-afghani fi manzur al-shu‘ara’ al-‘arab 1979–1994’ [The Afghan Jihad in the Eyes of Arab Poets, 1979–1994] (Baha al-Din Zakariya University, 1997).
190. Vahid Mojdeh, afghanistan: panj sal sultat taliban [Afghanistan: Five Years under Taliban Power] (Teheran: Nashreney, 2003), p. 27 (English translation by Sepideh Khalili and Saeed Ganji).
191. ‘mukhayyamat tarbawiyya islamiyya’ [Islamic Educational Camps], al-Jihad 21 (August 1986), pp. 33–35.
192. Nelly Lahoud, ‘A Cappella Songs (anashid) in Jihadi Culture,’ in Jihadi Culture: The Art and Social Practices of Militant Islamists, ed. Thomas Hegghammer (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017), pp. 42–62, p. 42.
193. Tareekh Osama 118.
The Caravan 
