1. Image collection on azzambook.net.
2. ‘Abdullah Azzam Poem “Bakat ‘Ayni –MyEyes Wept”’, YouTube, n.d.
3. Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History, pp. 97–117; Albrecht Noth, ‘Les ‘ulama’ en qualité de guerriers’, in Saber religioso y poder político en el Islam, ed. Manuela Marin (Madrid: Agencía Espanola de Cooperación Internacional, 1994), pp. 175–195; ‘karama’, in Encyclopedia of Islam, second edition.
4. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, p. 42.
5. Al-Jihad no. 10 (August 1985), p. 26.
6. al-Bunyan al-Marsus no. 30 (February 1990), p. 9.
7. Lia, Architect of Global Jihad, p. 76.
8. fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, p. 299. Al-Bunyan al-Marsus no. 30 (February 1990), p. 15.
10. Hamid and Farrall, The Arabs, pp. 81–82.
11. Zaidan, The “Afghan Arabs” Media, p. 47.
12. Anas and Hussain, To the Mountains, p. 155.
13. Ibid., p. 161.
14. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 112.
15. Ibid., p. 200. Issue 16 (February 1986) of al-Jihad magazine (pp. 10–11).
16. Anas, wiladat, p. 67.
17. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, p. 47. Hamid and Farrall, The Arabs, p. 77.
18. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 261.
19. Ibid., p. 199.
20. Perrin, ‘Dans un camp souterrain des moudjahidin’.
21. Yousaf and Adkin, Afghanistan: The Bear Trap, p. 62. See also the picture between pages 84 and 85.
22. Ibid., pp. 160–162.
23. Ibid., pp. 166–173; Lester W. Grau and Ali Ahmad Jalali, ‘The Campaign for the Caves: The Battles for Zhawar in the Soviet–Afghan War’, Journal of Slavic Military Studies 14, no. 3 (2001): 69–92; Wardak, Mémoires, p. 238.
24. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 177; Jarrar, al-shahid, p. 87.
25. Azzam, ‘wasiyat al-‘abd al-faqir’; Abu Rumman and Sa‘id, al-‘alim, pp. 90–102.
26. Muhammad, al-ansar, pp. 177–178.
27. Ibid.
28. Brown and Rassler, Fountainhead, pp. 73–74.
29. Yousaf and Adkin, Afghanistan: The Bear Trap, p. 182.
30. Anas and Hussain, To the Mountains, p. 178.
31. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 199.
32. Neighbour, The Mother of Mohammed, p. 178; Coll, The Bin Ladens, p. 255. Anas and Hussain, To the Mountains, p. 159. Rougier, Everyday Jihad, p. 77.
33. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 200.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid., p. 206. Hamid and Farrall, The Arabs, p. 83.
37. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 200.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid., pp. 200 and 206.
40. Ibid., p. 200.
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid., p. 211.
43. Ibid.
44. Berger, Jihad Joe, pp. 22–32.
45. Muhammad, al-ansar, pp. 194–195.
46. Hamid and Farrall, The Arabs, p. 84; Berger, Jihad Joe, pp. 24 and 27.
47. Badi, afghanistan: ihtilal al-dhakira, pp. 49–71.
48. Hamid and Farrall, The Arabs, p. 132; author’s interview with Abdallah Anas, London, 27 July 2009.
49. Hamid and Farrall, The Arabs, p. 133; author’s interview with Abdallah Anas, London, 27 July 2009.
50. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 211.
51. Wright, The Looming Tower, p. 111; Coll, Ghost Wars, p. 157.
52. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 264.
53. Usama Bin Ladin, ‘Letter on Shura’ (Bin Laden’s Bookshelf, n.d.), pp. 2–3.
54. Hamid and Farrall, The Arabs, p. 111.
55. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 236.
56. Ibid., p. 207.
57. Ibid.
58. Ibid., p. 211; Stenersen, al-Qaida in Afghanistan, p. 14.
59. Yousaf and Adkin, Afghanistan: The Bear Trap, pp. 164–166.
60. [no reference].
61. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 241. Miller, The Audacious Ascetic, pp. 75–76.
62. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 213.
63. Hamid and Farrall, The Arabs, p. 95.
64. Muhammad, al-ansar, pp. 234–236.
65. Bin Ladin, ‘Letter on Shura’, p. 1.
66. Stenersen, al-Qaida in Afghanistan, p. 17.
67. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 235.
68. Ibid., p. 236. Ibid., p. 214–219.
69. Ibid., p. 234.
70. Ibid., p. 236.
71. Ibid.
72. Ibid., p. 237.
73. Ibid., pp. 211–213.
74. Ibid., p. 233.
75. Ibid., p. 234.
76. Ibid., p. 200.
77. Ibid., p. 234.
78. Coll, Ghost Wars, p. 157.
79. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 234.
80. Ibid.
81. Ibid., p. 237.
82. Ibid., p. 234.
83. Ibid., p. 238.
84. Ibid., p. 234.
86. Ibid., p. 238; see also p. 234.
87. Ibid., pp. 250–251.
88. Ibid., p. 234.
89. ‘Abu ‘Ubayda al-Banshiri’.
90. ‘Abu Hafs al-Masri’, West Point, NY: Combating Terrorism Center, 2008.
91. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 261. Wright, The Looming Tower, p. 409.
92. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 245.
93. Badi, afghanistan: ihtilal al-dhakira, pp. 82–97.
94. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 211.
95. Abdallah Anas, rihlati ma‘ al-jihad, part 6 and part 7 at 35’40’’ ff. Anas and Hussain, To the Mountains, p. 51.
96. Miller, The Audacious Ascetic, pp. 135, 154, and 392–393.
97. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 255.
98. Ibid.
99. Ibid., p. 237.
100. Ibid., p. 267.
101. Ibid., p. 264.
102. Ibid., p. 299.
103. Ibid., p. 266.
104. Ibid.
105. Ibid., pp. 277–278.
106. Ibid., p. 283.
107. Ibid., p. 298.
108. Ibid.
109. Muhammad, al-ansar, pp. 303 ff.; Azzam, The Lofty Mountain, pp. 77–120; Hamid and Farrall, The Arabs, pp. 97–100; Stenersen, al-Qaida in Afghanistan, pp. 18–19.
110. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 280.
111. Ibid.
112. Ibid., pp. 280 and 343.
113. Document 353 in Tareekh Musadat collection. Document 350.
114. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 346.
115. Ibid.
116. Ibid., p. 361.
117. al-Jihad no. 32 (July 1987), pp. 4–11 and 14–16.
118. Jamal Khashoggi, ‘Arab Youths Fight Shoulder to Shoulder with Mujahideen’, Arab News, 4 May 1988.
119. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, pp. 50 ff.
120. David Isby, ‘Four Battles in Afghanistan’, Soldier of Fortune, April 1988.
121. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, pp. 317–318.
122. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 362.
123. al-Jihad no. 54–55 (April 1989), p. 38.
124. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 362.
125. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, p. 56.
126. Ibid., p. 316.
127. Wright, The Looming Tower, pp. 121–144; Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, pp. 75–81; R. Kim Cragin, ‘Early History of al-Qa’ida’, The Historical Journal 51 (2008): 1047–1067; Peter Bergen and Paul Cruickshank, ‘Revisiting the Early Al Qaeda: An Updated Account of its Formative Years’, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 35, no. 1 (1 January 2012): 1–36; Hamid and Farrall, Arabs, pp. 107 ff.; and Stenersen, al-Qaida in Afghanistan, pp. 20–25.
128. [No reference].
130. Wright, The Looming Tower, pp. 131–134; Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, pp. 74 ff.; and Berger, Beatings and Bureaucracy.
131. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 217. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, pp. 51 and 58. Author’s telephone interview with Jamal Khashoggi, 14 September 2018.
133. Ibid.
134. Tareekh Osama 122.
135. Tareekh Osama 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134 and 135.
136. Ibid.
138. Tareekh Osama 127a.
139. Wright, The Looming Tower, pp. 131–133; Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, pp. 75–81.
140. Hamid and Farrall, The Arabs, pp. 108–111.
141. Wright, The Looming Tower, p. 131.
142. USA v Usama bin Laden et al., Southern District of New York, 2001, day 2 (6 February 2001), p. 191.
143. Azzam, ‘al-qa‘ida al-sulba’.
144. Li, ‘Lies, Damned Lies and Plagiarizing “Experts”’.
145. Wright, The Looming Tower, pp. 131–133; Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, pp. 75–81.
146. Wright, The Looming Tower, p. 402.
147. Tareekh Osama 122.
149. USA v. Usama bin Laden et al., Southern District of New York, 2001, day 2 (6 February 2001), p. 205.
150. James J. F. Forest, Jarret Brachman, and Joseph Felter, ‘Harmony and Disharmony: Exploiting al-Qa‘ida’s Organizational Vulnerabilities’ (West Point: Combating Terrorism Center, 14 February 2006). Combating Terrorism Center website. Captured Document Index. Declassified collection of documents captured at Bin Ladin’s compound in Abbottabad in 2011.
151. “Al-Qaida’s Structure and Bylaws” (AFGP-2002–600048). It exists in a duplicate (AFGP-2002– 600178).
152. “Interior Organization” (AFGP-2002–000080); “al-Qaida’s Goals and Structure” (AFGP-2002–000078).
153. Wright, The Looming Tower, p. 141.
154. USA v. Usama bin Laden et al., Southern District of New York, 2001, day 2 (6 February 2001), p. 197.
155. Vahid Brown, Cracks in the Foundation: Leadership Schisms in al-Qa‘ida From 1989–2006, West Point, NY: Combating Terrorism Center, 2007, p. 22.
156. Stenersen, al-Qaida in Afghanistan, pp. 13 ff.
157. ‘Connecting the Dots – America’s First al Qaeda Fighters’ (New York: NEFA Foundation, April 2010).
158. al-Qandahari, dhikrayat, pp. 29–30.
159. Stenersen, al-Qaida in Afghanistan, p. 22.
160. Hamid and Farrall, The Arabs, p. 174; Stenersen, al-Qaida in Afghanistan, pp. 26–27.
161. Hamid and Farrall, The Arabs, p. 174.
162. ‘An Insider’s View of al-Qa‘ida as Narrated by Abu-Jandal (Nasir al-Bahri), Bin-Ladin’s Bodyguard (part 4)’, al-Quds al-Arabi (via FBIS), 22 March 2005.
164. Wright, The Looming Tower, p. 141.
165. al-Qandahari, dhikrayat, p. 175.
166. mawsu‘at al-jihad.
167. Ibid., p. 199.
168. Adam Curtis, ‘The Power of Nightmares: The Rise of the Politics of Fear’ (London: BBC, 2004) [documentary].
169. Tareekh Osama 127–127a). “al-Qaida’s Structure and Bylaws” (AFGP-2002–600048), “Interior Organization” (AFGP-2002–000080). “al-Qaida’s Goals and Structure” (AFGP-2002–000078). ‘Des Jordaniens rentrés d’Afghanistan inquiètent Amman’, Agence France Presse, 28 May 1993. Hyman, ‘Arab Involvement in the Afghan War’, p. 80. Jane Mayer, ‘Junior: The Clandestine Life of America’s Top Al Qaeda Source,’ The New Yorker, 11 September 2006.
170. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, p. 83.
171. ‘An Insider’s View of al-Qa‘ida’, p. 19 (English translation from FBIS).
172. Wright, The Looming Tower, p. 129.
173. Gerges, The Far Enemy, pp. 39, 161–165.
174. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 162.
175. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, p. 69.
176. Salah, waqa’i‘ sanawat al-jihad, p. 74.
177. Michael Scheuer, Osama Bin Laden (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), pp. 8–9.
178. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, pp. 47–48.
179. Ibid., pp. 62–63.
180. Felix Kuehn, Leah Farrall, and Alex Strick van Linschoten, ‘Expert Report – US vs. Talha Ahsan; US vs. Babar Ahmad’, April 2014, http://www.sacc.org.uk/sacc/docs/ba_expert_reports.pdf (last accessed 1 March 2018), p. 18.
182. Azzam, The Lofty Mountain, p. 65.
183. Anas and Hussain, To the Mountains, pp. 194–195. See also Wright, The Looming Tower, p. 135.
184. Tareekh Osama 136. See also Tareekh Musadat 2, 3, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, and 126.
185. Badi, afghanistan: ihtilal al-dhakira, pp. 188–194. Stenersen, al-Qaida in Afghanistan, p. 22. Mawsu‘at al-dhakha’ir, vol. 2, p. 221.
186. Christina Lamb, Waiting for Allah: Pakistan’s Struggle for Democracy (New York: Viking, 1991), pp. 195 ff.
187. Kiessling, Faith, pp. 67–68.
188. Yousaf and Adkin, Afghanistan: The Bear Trap, pp. 226–232. fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, p. 37. Ibid., p. 89.
189. Kiessling, Faith, p. 68.
190. al-Jihad no. 59 (September 1989), p. 36.
191. Bergen, The Osama Bin Laden I Know, p. 87.
192. Stenersen, al-Qaida in Afghanistan, p. 24.
193. Hamid and Farrall, The Arabs, pp. 164 ff.
194. Ibid., p. 174.
195. Ibid., p. 170.
196. al-Qandahari, dhikrayat, p. 37.
199. Mark Urban, War in Afghanistan (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1988), p. 244.
200. Anas, wiladat, p. 87.
201. Tam Hussein, ‘Jihad, Then and Now’, Majalla, 8 February 2014; author’s telephone interview with Alastair Crooke, 23 March 2008.
202. Antonio Giustozzi, War, Politics and Society in Afghanistan, 1978–1992 (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2000), p. 115.
203. Al-Bunyan al-Marsus no. 16–17 (October 1987), pp. 30–36. Al-Bunyan al-Marsus no. 26 (March 1986), pp. 48–51.
204. Noor Ahmad Khalidi, ‘Afghanistan: Demographic Consequences of War, 1978–1987’, Central Asian Survey 10, no. 3 (1 January 1991): 101–126, p. 106.
205. Anas, wiladat, p. 87.
206. al-Dhiyabi, ‘Saudi Academic Recounts Experiences from Afghan War’.
207. Strick van Linschoten and Kuehn, An Enemy We Created, p. 54.
208. al-Jihad no. 54–55 (April 1989), p. 55.
209. Brown and Rassler, Fountainhead, pp. 73–74.
210. Strick van Linschoten and Kuehn, An Enemy we Created, p. 54.
211. Mohammed M. Hafez, Suicide Bombers in Iraq (Washington, DC: USIP, 2007).
212. Kristin M. Bakke, ‘Help Wanted? The Mixed Record of Foreign Fighters in Domestic Insurgencies’, International Security 38, no. 4 (1 April 2014): 150–187; Ben Rich and Dara Conduit, ‘The Impact of Jihadist Foreign Fighters on Indigenous Secular–Nationalist Causes: Contrasting Chechnya and Syria’, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 38, no. 2 (2015): 113–131.
213. Edwards, Before Taliban, pp. 270–271.
214. John Schindler, Unholy Terror: Bosnia, al-Qa’ida, and the Rise of Global Jihad (St. Paul, MN: Zenith Press, 2007), pp. 166–167. Ariel Koch, ‘Jihadi Beheading Videos and their Non-Jihadi Echoes’, Perspectives on Terrorism 12, no. 3 (2018): 24–34.
215. Hussein, ‘Jihad, Then and Now’.
216. Brian Glyn Williams, ‘On the Trail of the “Lions of Islam”: Foreign Fighters in Afghanistan and Pakistan, 1980–2010’, Orbis 55, no. 2 (1 January 2011): 216–239, p. 220.
217. Rodric Braithwaite, Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan 1979–89 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), p. 232.
218. Jalali and Grau, Afghan Guerrilla Warfare, pp. 368–369.
219. al-Qandahari, dhikrayat, p. 130.
220. Grau and Jalali, ‘The Campaign for the Caves’, pp. 287 and 382. See also Braithwaite, Afgantsy, p. 233.
221. Al-Qandahari, dhikrayat, p. 130.
222. Braithwaite, Afgantsy, p. 227.
223. Ibid., p. 212.
The Caravan 
