Notes from chapter 11

1. Muhammad, al-ansar, pp. 196–197.

2. Jarrar, al-shahid, p. 345.

3. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 65.

4. Al-Jihad no. 48 (November 1988), p. 3, and al-Jihad no. 58 (August 1989), back page.

5. al-Bunyan al-Marsus no. 30 (February 1990), p. 13.

6. Ibid., p. 27.

7. Anas and Hussain, To the Mountains, p. 154.

8. al-Ansari, mafhum.

9. ‘The Words of Abdallah Azzam’, p. 59. Azzam, ‘ibar wa basa’ir, pp. 22 ff. and 53. Abdallah Azzam, ‘al-qa‘ida al-sulba’ [The Solid Base], al-Jihad no. 41 (April 1988): 4-6; and al-Jihad no. 45 (August 1988), pp. 4–6.

10. Abu Qatada al-Filastini, ‘shaykh al-jihad wa ‘alam al-din wa’l-shahada ‘abdallah ‘azzam’ [Shaykh of Jihad and Symbol of the Religion and Martyrdom Abdallah Azzam], Justpaste.it, 23 September 2015, p. 5.

11. Anas and Hussain, To the Mountains, p. 148.

12. Ibid., p. 161.

13. ‘al-nas asnaf’ [People are Different], 26 September 1986: ‘The Words of Abdallah Azzam’, pp. 6–7.

14. al-Jihad no. 17 (March 1986), pp. 4–7.

15. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 173.

16. Laleh Khalili, Heroes and Martyrs of Palestine: The Politics of National Commemoration (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 26.

17. Aziz, ‘‘abdallah ‘azzam wa juhuduhu’, p. 30.

18. ‘The Words of Abdallah Azzam’, pp. 51–52.

19. Hamid and Farrall, The Arabs, p. 84.

20. ‘The Words of Abdallah Azzam’, pp. 51–52.

21. Azzam, ‘ibar wa basa’ir, p. 114. Amir, al-shaykh al-mujahid, p. 100.

22. Shiraz Maher, Salafi-Jihadism: The History of an Idea (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), pp. 158 ff.

23. Abdallah Azzam, The Tawhid of Action (Tibyan Publications, n.d.).

24. Ibid., p. 5.

25. Abdallah Azzam, ilhaq bi’l-qafila [Join the Caravan], Minbar al-Tawhid wa’l-Jihad, 1987, p. 23.

26. Abdallah Azzam, ‘min kabul ila al-quds’ [From Kabul to Jerusalem], al-Jihad no. 52 (1989): 47.

27. Abdallah Azzam, ‘ushshaq al-hur [Those who Love the Virgins of Paradise], n.d., pp. 7 and 190 (last accessed 9 March 2018).

28. Michael Cook, Ancient Religions, Modern Politics: The Islamic Case in Comparative Perspective (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014), pp. 225–228.

29. Azzam, The Tawhid of Action, p. 4.

30. Azzam, ilhaq bi’l-qafila, pp. 15 and 21; Azzam, ‘ibar wa basa’ir, pp. 27–28.

31. Anthony Hyman, ‘Arab Involvement in the Afghan War’, Beirut Review no. 7 (1994): 73–90, p. 78.

32. Azzam, ‘ibar wa basa’ir, p. 50.

33. Abdallah Azzam, ‘ayat wa basha’ir wa karamat fi’l-jihad al-afghani’ [Signs, Tidings, and Miracles in the Afghan Jihad], al-Mujtama‘ no. 569 (4 May 1982): 28–30.

34. Azzam, ‘ibar wa basa’ir, p. 60.

35. Ibid., p. 110.

36. al-Jihad no. 2 (January 1985), p. 2.

37. Anas and Hussain, To the Mountains, p. 156. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 65. Al-Bunyan al-Marsus no. 30 (February 1990), p. 8.

38. Nasir al-Fahd, ‘ayat al-rahman fi “ghazwat sibtimbar”’ [Signs of the Merciful in the “September Raid”] (Minbar al-Tawhid wa’l-Jihad, 2002); Diyab Hasan al-Mahdawi, ayat al-rahman fi filastin walubnan [Signs of the Merciful in Palestine and Lebanon] (Beirut: Dar al-Mahajja al-Bayda’, 2007).

39. ‘ushshaq al-hur [Those who Love the Virgins of Paradise].

40. Azzam, ‘ushshaq al-hur and The Martyrs of Afghanistan (Azzam Publications, n.d.); and Muhammad Amir Rana and Mubasher Bukhari, Arabs in Afghan Jihad (Lahore: Pak Institute for Peace Studies, 2007).

41. Azzam, The Scales of Allah, pp. 13–14.

42. Nasser al-Bahri and Georges Malbrunot, Dans l’ombre de Ben Laden: révélations de son garde du corps repenti (Paris: Michel Lafon, 2010), p. 23.

43. Pierre Centlivres and Micheline Centlivres-Demont, ‘Les martyrs afghans par le texte et l’image (1978–1992)’, in Saints et héros du Moyen-Orient Contemporain. Actes du colloque des 11 et 12 décembre 2000, ed. Catherine Mayeur-Jaouen (Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose, 2002), 319–333.

44. Edwards, Caravan of Martyrs.

45. Azzam, ayat al-rahman (Minbar edition), p. 13.

46. Abdurrahman Siddiqi, The Military in Pakistan: Image in Reality (Lahore: Vanguard Books, 1996), p. 108. I thank Alexander De la Paz for pointing me to this source. Mustafa Menshawy, State, Memory, and Egypt’s Victory in the 1973 War: Ruling by Discourse (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017), pp. 55 ff.

47. Sayigh, Armed Struggle, p. 196.

48. Abdallah Azzam, ‘ba‘d al-aqlam al-‘almaniyya wa yasariyya hawla karamat al-mujahidin’ [Some of the Secularist and Leftist Comments on the Miracles of the Mujahidin], al-Mujtama‘ no. 584 (24 August 1982).

49. Alexander De la Paz, ‘Miracles, Jihad, and Propaganda’ (unpublished draft paper, 2017), p. 18. Darryl Li, ‘Taking the Place of Martyrs: Afghans and Arabs under the Banner of Islam’, Arab Studies Journal 20, no. 1 (2012): 12–39. Mathias Müller, ‘Signs of the Merciful: Battlefield Miracles and the Sacralization of History in Jihadist Literature, 1982–2016’ (unpublished draft paper, 2019).

50. Anas and Hussain, To the Mountains, p. 157.

51. Li, ‘Taking the Place of Martyrs’, p. 22.

52. David B. Cook, ‘Contemporary Martyrdom: Ideology and Material Culture’, in Jihadi Culture: The Art and Social Practices of Militant Islamists, ed. Thomas Hegghammer (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017), 151–170.

53. Meir Hatina, ‘Warrior Saints: ‘Abdallah ‘Azzam’s Reflections on Jihad and Karamat’, in Martyrdom and Sacrifice in Islam: Theological, Political and Social Contexts, ed. Meir Hatina and Meir Litvak (London: I. B. Tauris, 2017), Kindle version, location 4705.

54. Ibid., Kindle version, location 4723.

55. Thomas Hegghammer, ed., Jihadi Culture: The Art and Social Practices of Militant Islamists (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017).

56. Hatina, ‘Warrior Saints’, Kindle version, location 4825.

57. Cook, ‘Contemporary Martyrdom’.

58. De la Paz, ‘Miracles, Jihad, and Propaganda’.

59. Abdallah Azzam, ‘al-afghan bayna al-ta’yid al-rahman wa kunud alinsan’ [Afghans between the Support of the Merciful and the Ingratitude of Man], al-Mujtama‘ no. 589 (5 October 1982).

60. Azzam, ‘hatta la nu‘idhdh’, p. 26.

61. Azzam, ‘ya muslimiy al-‘alam’, p. 26.

62. Abdallah Azzam, ayat al-rahman fi jihad al-afghan [Signs of the Merciful in the Afghan Jihad], 2nd ed. (Zarqa: Maktabat al-Manar, 1987), pp. 157 and 164–165.

63. Azzam, al-difa‘ , introduction.

64. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 93.

65. mawsu‘at al-dhakha’ir, vol. 4, pp. 1102–1103.

66. Abdallah Azzam, ‘jihad al-kafirin fard ‘ayn’ [Jihad against the Infidels is an Individual Obligation], al-Mujtama‘ no. 686 (9 October 1984), p. 27. Al-Jihad no. 4 (March 1985), back page.

67. Alfred Morabia, Le Gihad dans l’Islam médiéval: le ‘combat sacré’ des origines au XIIième siècle (Paris: Albin Michel, 1993), p. 255 and 259; Michael Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History: Doctrines and Practice (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006), p. 10.

68. Johannes Jansen, The Neglected Duty: The Creed of Sadat’s Assassins and Islamic Resurgence in the Middle East (New York: Macmillan, 1986), pp. 199–200.

69. Nelly Lahoud, ‘The Pitfalls of Jihad as an Individual Duty (fard ‘ayn)’, in Jihad and its Challenges to International and Domestic Law, ed. M. Cherif Bassiouni and A. Guellali (The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2009), 87–106.

70. Azzam, al-difa‘, passim; Morabia, Gihad, pp. 215–216.

71. Scott, ‘An “Official” Islamic Response’.

72. Azzam, al-difa‘, p. 26.

73. Abdallah Azzam, ‘wasiyat al-‘abd al-faqir ila allah ta‘ala ‘abdallah bin yusuf ‘azzam’ [The Will of God’s Poor Servant Abdallah Yusuf Azzam] (Minbar al-Tawhid wa’l-Jihad, 22 April 1986).

74. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 89.

75. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 84.

76. fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, p. 485.

77. Hegghammer, Jihad in Saudi Arabia, pp. 28–29.

78. ‘al-shaykh tamim al-adnani yatahaddath li’l-jihad’, p. 36.

79. Lacroix, Awakening Islam, p. 110.

80. Safar al-Hawali, ‘mafhum al-jihad’ [The Concept of Jihad], 1989, http://www.alhawali.com (last accessed 2 July 2019); Lacroix, Awakening Islam, pp. 110–111.

81. Abdallah Azzam, ‘al-duktur hasan al-turabi yadli li-jihad bi-tasrihat hamma hawla qadhiyat al-jihad’ [Dr. Hasan al-Turabi Presents to al-Jihad Important Statements about the Issue of Jihad], al-Jihad no. 37 (December 1987): 10–13, pp. 12–13. Author’s interview with Kamal Helbawy, London, 23 March 2008.

82. fi ‘uyun mu‘asira, p. 106.

83. See al-Jihad no. 22 (September 1986), p. 25; and Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 74.

84. Azzam, al-difa‘ , introduction.

85. Muhammad al-Shafi‘i, ‘tharthara fawqa saqf al-‘alam’ [Chatter on the World’s Rooftop], part III, al-Sharq al-Awsat, 28 October 2006.

86. Brown and Rassler, Fountainhead, pp. 62–63.

87. Ibid., p. 62.

88. Al-Jihad no. 3 (February 1985), pp. 20–21.

89. See, for example, al-Jihad no. 17 (March 1986), pp. 30–32; al-Jihad no. 18 (April 1986), pp. 30–33; al-Jihad no. 20 (June 1986), pp. 34–36; al-Jihad no. 29 (April 1987), pp. 36–38; al-Jihad no. 36 (November 1987), pp. 4–5; and al-Jihad no. 37 (December 1987), pp. 34–36.

90. Abdallah Azzam, fi’l-jihad adab wa ahkam [Proper Conduct and Rulings in Jihad] (Peshawar: unknown publisher, 1986).

91. Abdallah Azzam, ithaf al-‘ibad bi-fada’il al-jihad [Illustrating the Virtues of Jihad to God’s Servants] (Minbar al-Tawhid wa’l-Jihad, n. d.); Abdallah Azzam, i‘lan al-jihad [Declaring Jihad] (Minbar al-Tawhid wa’l-Jihad, n.d.); Abdallah Azzam, al-as’ila wa’l-ajwiba al-jihadiyya [Jihadi Questions and Answers] (Minbar al-Tawhid wa’l-Jihad, n.d.); Abdallah Azzam, jarimat qatl al-nafs al-muslima [The Crime of Killing a Muslim Soul], (Minbar al-Tawhid wa’l-Jihad, n.d.).

92. Azzam, fi’l-jihad adab wa ahkam, p. 5.

93. Abdallah Azzam, ‘bayna al-jihad wa’l-irhab’ [Between Jihad and Terrorism], in mawsu‘at al-dhakha’ir, vol. 4, p. 356. Al-Jihad no. 44 (July 1988), p. 4. Amir, al-shaykh al-mujahid, p. 119.

94. ‘Interview with Sheikh Tameem al Adnani’, around 7’00’’ ff.

95. Ibid., around 29’45’’ff.

96. Azzam, fi’l-jihad adab wa ahkam, p. 9.

97. Ibid., p. 9.

98. Ibid., p. 13.

99. Azzam, ‘muhadara fi almania’.

100. ‘Asharq al-Awsat Interviews the Son of Bin Laden’s Mentor’, al-Sharq al-Awsat English Online, 2 September 2005.

101. ‘The Words of Abdallah Azzam’, pp. 28–31.

102. Ibid.

103. Ibid.

104. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 164.

105. al-Jihad no. 60 (October 1989), p. 41.

106. ‘as’ila wa ajwiba masjid kalifurnia’ [Questions and Answers from the California Mosque], parts 1 and 2, in mawsu‘at al-dhakha’ir, vol. 4, p. 844.

107. ‘as’ila wa ajwiba masjid kalifurnia’, p. 845.

108. Azzam, al-difa‘, p. 15. See also Azzam, ilhaq bi’l-qafila, part 2.

109. Azzam, ilhaq bi’l-qafila, pp. 21-22.

110. Abdallah Azzam, basha’ir al-nasr [Tidings of Victory] (Minbar al-Tawhid wa’l-Jihad, n.d.), p. 12.

111. Azzam, ‘ya muslimiy al-‘alam’, p. 26.

112. Amir, al-shaykh al-mujahid, p. 117.

113. Bin Omar, ‘The Striving Sheikh’. Abu Hilala, awwal al-afghan al-‘arab, at 0’44’’.

114. Azzam, ‘hatta la nu‘idhdh’, p. 26.

115. Azzam, ‘ya muslimiy al-‘alam’, p. 26.

116. Azzam, ‘al-qa‘ida al-sulba’; Azzam, ‘min kabul ila al-quds’.

117. Darryl Li, ‘Lies, Damned Lies and Plagiarizing “Experts”’, Middle East Report 41, no. 260 (11 September 2011): 5.

118. Azzam, al-tarbiya, p. 123.

119. ‘Interview with Sheikh Tameem al Adnani’, 46’00’’ ff.

120. Muhammad, al-ansar, p. 66.

121. Jarrar, al-shahid, p. 356.

122. Azzam, ‘ibar wa basa’ir, p. 41.

123. Azzam, ‘ya muslimiy al-‘alam’, p. 26.

124. Azzam, ‘ibar wa basa’ir, pp. 109–110.

125. Ibid., p. 40.

126. Azzam, al-manara al-mafquda. Abdallah Azzam, ‘isda’ al-haraka alkamaliyya wa in‘ikasatuha ‘ala al-‘alam al-islami’ [The Repercussions of the Kemalist Movement and its Consequences in the Muslim World], al-Mujtama‘ no. 574 (8 June 1982).

127. Anas and Hussain, To the Mountains, p. 173. Anas, rihlati ma‘ al-jihad, part 3. Hassan Hassan, ‘Bin Laden Journal Reveals he was Shaped by the Muslim Brotherhood’, The National Online, 2 November 2017.

128. Azzam, al-as’ila wa’l-ajwiba, pp. 77–87.

129. Azzam, ‘ibar wa basa’ir, p. 108.

130. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 177.

131. al-Jihad no. 33 (August 1987), p. 4.

132. Azzam, al-tarbiya, p. 65; Azzam, i‘lan al-jihad, pp. 14–15.

133. Azzam, al-tarbiya, p. 164.

134. Ibid., p. 209.

135. Azzam, ilhaq bi’l-qafila, p. 13.

136. al-Bilali, ‘majallat al-jihad fi ‘amihi al-khamis’, p. 42.

137. ‘Asharq al-Awsat Interviews the Son of Bin Laden’s Mentor’.

138. Lia, Architect of Global Jihad, p. 72.

139. Ibid., p. 73.

140. Azzam, ‘ibar wa basa’ir, p. 38.

141. Ibid., p. 106.

142. ‘The Words of Abdallah Azzam’, p. 88.

143. Ibid., p. 17.

144. Ibid.

145. Ibid., p. 7.

146. Ibid.

147. al-Mujtama‘, 7 November 1989, cited in al-Wa‘i, mawsu‘at shuhada’, p. 227. Amir, al-shaykh al-mujahid, p. 98.

148. Azzam, ‘dhikrayat min sahat al-jihad’, p. 13.

149. ‘al-hurub al-salibiyya mustamirra’ [The Crusader Wars Continue], al-Jihad no. 21 (August 1986), pp. 30–32.

150. al-Jihad no. 21 (August 1986), p. 30; al-Jihad no. 39 (February 1988), p. 32.

151. Azzam, ‘ibar wa basa’ir, p. 107.

152. al-Jihad no. 13 (November 1985), p. 7.

153. Amir, al-shaykh al-mujahid, p. 96.

154. al-Jihad no. 58 (August 1989).

155. al-Jihad no. 61 (November 1989), p. 6.

156. Abdallah Azzam, ‘dawr britania fi muharabat al-islam’ [Britain’s Role in Fighting Islam]’, Luhayb al-Ma‘raka, 29 April 1989.

157. al-Jihad no. 50 (January 1989), p. 47; al-Jihad no. 20 (July 1986), pp. 4–7.

158. Azzam, ‘dawr britania’.

159. Azzam, al-duktur al-shahid, p. 112.

160. Ibid., p. 116.

161. Azzam, ‘dawr britania’.

162. Ibid., p. 116.

163. The Words of Abdallah Azzam, p. 19.

164. Martyn Frampton, The Muslim Brotherhood and the West: A History of Enmity and Engagement (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018), pp. 343 and 461.

165. Mawsu‘at al-dhakha’ir, vol. 1, pp. 789–790.

166. al-Jihad no. 28 (March 1987), p. 3.

167. Mamoun Fandy, Saudi Arabia and the Politics of Dissent (New York: PalgraveMacmillan, 2001), pp. 64 ff.

168. Azzam, ‘maktab khidamat al-mujahidin’, p. 2.

169. Abdallah Azzam, ‘al-haqd al-yahudi al-salibi’ [Jewish–CrusaderMalevolence], Luhayb al-Ma’raka no. 47 (23 April 1989), reproduced in mawsu‘at al-dhakha’ir, vol. 2, pp. 250–252.

170. al-Jihad no. 54–55 (April 1989), p. 72.

171. ‘al-salibiyyun fi mukhayyam kahi’ [The Crusaders in the Kahi Camp], al-Bunyan al-Marsus no. 29 (October 1989), p. 42; ‘al-salibiyyun wa harbihim al-khaffiyya’ [The Crusaders and their Hidden War]’, al-Bunyan al-Marsus no. 30 (February 1990), pp. 60–61; and ‘madha yurid al-salibiyyin’ [What do the Crusaders Want?], al-Bunyan al-Marsus no. 31 (April 1990), pp. 44–45.